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Side A ------ Side B
Cerebellum ------ balance and posture; sensorimotor learning and some other aspects of cognitive functioning 
Cerebellum in conjunction with basal ganglia and motor cortex ------ vital to performance of coordinated and refined motor movements
Smaller-than-normal cerebellum ------ linked to Autism
Damage to cerebellum ------ Ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance)
Reticular Formation ------ respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, REM sleep
Reticular Activating System (RAS) ------ part of reticular formation; consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input (esp. during sleep), arouses higher centers of brain when imp. info. must be processes
Damage to Reticular Formation ------ disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep
Forebrain ------ subcortical and cortical structures
Name subcortical structures ------ thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
Thalamus ------ "relay station," transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all senses except olfaction (that goes directly to amygdala); motor activity, language, memory
Korsakoff Syndrome ------ thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus; thiamine deficiency, usually from alcoholism; severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation
hypothalamus ------ hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions, initiates responses needed to maintain homeostasis
Damage to hypothalamus ------ uncontrollable laughter, intense rage, aggression
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) ------ located in hypothalamus; mediates sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms; maybe involved in seasonal affective disorder
Structures of basal ganglia ------ caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
Basal Ganglia ------ planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions, sensorimotor learning, stereotyped motoric expressions of emotional states (such as smiling when happy)
Disorders with motor symptoms that are associated with basal ganglia ------ Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome
Other basal ganglia-related disorders ------ mania, depression, ocd, psychosis
Limbic system ------ primarily associated with the mediation of emotion
Parts of the limbic system ------ Amygdala, Hippocampus
Amgdala functions ------ integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally-cahrge experiences
Kluver-Bucy syndrome ------ lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates caused: reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, altered dietary habits, produced hypersexuality and "psychic blindness" (inability to recognize significance or meaning of events or objects) 
Hippocampus functions ------ learning and memory (less implicated in emotions than other limbic structures); processes spatial, visual, and verbal information, consolidates declarative memories
Damage to hippocampus in conjunction with removal of temporal lobes ------ anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (for events up to 3 years before surgery)
List lobes that make up each hemisphere of the Cerebral Cortex (cortical structures) ------ Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Name areas of frontal lobe ------ motor, premotor, prefrontal
Primary motor cortex functions ------ control of voluntary movements
Damage to primary motor cortex ------ loss of reflexes and flaccid hemiplegia (loss of muscle tone) in areas of body contralateral to the damage
Premotor cortex functions ------ contains Broca's area (usually on left side); speech production
Damage to Broca's area ------ Broca's (expressive) aphasia; difficulties in producing spoken and written language
Prefrontal cortex functions ------ emotion, memory, self-awareness, executive (higher-level cognitive) functions
Name 2 types of personality change associated with damage to prefrontal cortex ------ Pseudodepression, Pseudopsychopathy
Symptoms of pseudodepression ------ apathy, lethargy, narrowing of interests, reduced emotional reactions, reduced interest in sex, impaired memory and attention
Symptoms of pseudopsychopathy ------ loss of social tact, lack of empathy, impulsivity, sexual disinhibition, inappropriate jocularity
Cognitive deficits related to damage to prefrontal cortex ------ problems with abstract thinking, planning ability, decision-making; perseveration, inability to remember the temporal order of events
Hypofrontality (reduced metabolism in the prefrontal cortex) ------ linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, normal age-related cognitive declines
Parietal lobe contains the... ------ somatosensory cortex
Functions of somatosensory cortex ------ governs pressure, temp, pain, proprioception, and gustation
Damage to parietal lobe ------ disturbances in spatial orientation, apraxia, somatosensory agnosia
Define apraxia ------ inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning
Define somatosensory agnosia ------ Inability to recognize familiar objects with use of the senses
Define tactile agnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
Define asomatognosia ------ failure to recognize parts of one's own body
Define anosognosia ------ inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
Damage specifically to the right parietal lobe ------ contralateral neglect
Define contralateral neglect ------ loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body
Damage specifically to the left parietal lobe ------ ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann syndrome
Define ideational apraxia ------ inability to carry out a sequence of actions
Define ideomotor apraxia ------ inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command
Gertsmann syndrome ------ finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia
Temporal lobe contains the... ------ auditory cortex
Functions of auditory cortex ------ mediates auditory sensation and perception
Damage to the auditory cortex ------ auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception
Location of Wernicke's area ------ located in left temporal lobe
Functions performed in Wernicke's area ------ receptive; involved in comprehension of language
Damage to Wernicke's area ------ Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, characterized by severed deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production
Function of areas of temporal lobe (other than Wernicke's area) ------ mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories
Electrical stimulation of areas in temporal lobe ------ complex, vivid memories that had been previously forgotten
Damage to areas of temporal lobe ------ retrograde and anterograde amnesia
The occipital lobe contains the... ------ visual cortex
Functions of visual cortex ------ visual perception, recognition, and memory
Damage to occipital lobes ------ visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, simultanagnosia
Damage to occipital lobe at junction with occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes ------ prosopagnosia
Define visual agnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar objects
Define simultanagnosia ------ inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
Define prosopagnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar faces
Name the structures of the hindbrain ------ brain stem (medulla and pons), cerebellum
Function of the medulla ------ influences flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain, coordinates swallowing, coughing, and sneezing, regulates vital functions including breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure
Damage to medulla ------ usually fatal
Function of the pons ------ connects two halves of cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right and left sides of body

Side A ------ Side B
Cerebellum ------ balance and posture; sensorimotor learning and some other aspects of cognitive functioning 
Cerebellum in conjunction with basal ganglia and motor cortex ------ vital to performance of coordinated and refined motor movements
Smaller-than-normal cerebellum ------ linked to Autism
Damage to cerebellum ------ Ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance)
Reticular Formation ------ respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, REM sleep
Reticular Activating System (RAS) ------ part of reticular formation; consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input (esp. during sleep), arouses higher centers of brain when imp. info. must be processes
Damage to Reticular Formation ------ disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep
Forebrain ------ subcortical and cortical structures
Name subcortical structures ------ thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system
Thalamus ------ "relay station," transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all senses except olfaction (that goes directly to amygdala); motor activity, language, memory
Korsakoff Syndrome ------ thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus; thiamine deficiency, usually from alcoholism; severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation
hypothalamus ------ hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions, initiates responses needed to maintain homeostasis
Damage to hypothalamus ------ uncontrollable laughter, intense rage, aggression
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) ------ located in hypothalamus; mediates sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms; maybe involved in seasonal affective disorder
Structures of basal ganglia ------ caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra
Basal Ganglia ------ planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions, sensorimotor learning, stereotyped motoric expressions of emotional states (such as smiling when happy)
Disorders with motor symptoms that are associated with basal ganglia ------ Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome
Other basal ganglia-related disorders ------ mania, depression, ocd, psychosis
Limbic system ------ primarily associated with the mediation of emotion
Parts of the limbic system ------ Amygdala, Hippocampus
Amgdala functions ------ integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally-cahrge experiences
Kluver-Bucy syndrome ------ lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates caused: reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, altered dietary habits, produced hypersexuality and "psychic blindness" (inability to recognize significance or meaning of events or objects) 
Hippocampus functions ------ learning and memory (less implicated in emotions than other limbic structures); processes spatial, visual, and verbal information, consolidates declarative memories
Damage to hippocampus in conjunction with removal of temporal lobes ------ anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (for events up to 3 years before surgery)
List lobes that make up each hemisphere of the Cerebral Cortex (cortical structures) ------ Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
Name areas of frontal lobe ------ motor, premotor, prefrontal
Primary motor cortex functions ------ control of voluntary movements
Damage to primary motor cortex ------ loss of reflexes and flaccid hemiplegia (loss of muscle tone) in areas of body contralateral to the damage
Premotor cortex functions ------ contains Broca's area (usually on left side); speech production
Damage to Broca's area ------ Broca's (expressive) aphasia; difficulties in producing spoken and written language
Prefrontal cortex functions ------ emotion, memory, self-awareness, executive (higher-level cognitive) functions
Name 2 types of personality change associated with damage to prefrontal cortex ------ Pseudodepression, Pseudopsychopathy
Symptoms of pseudodepression ------ apathy, lethargy, narrowing of interests, reduced emotional reactions, reduced interest in sex, impaired memory and attention
Symptoms of pseudopsychopathy ------ loss of social tact, lack of empathy, impulsivity, sexual disinhibition, inappropriate jocularity
Cognitive deficits related to damage to prefrontal cortex ------ problems with abstract thinking, planning ability, decision-making; perseveration, inability to remember the temporal order of events
Hypofrontality (reduced metabolism in the prefrontal cortex) ------ linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, normal age-related cognitive declines
Parietal lobe contains the... ------ somatosensory cortex
Functions of somatosensory cortex ------ governs pressure, temp, pain, proprioception, and gustation
Damage to parietal lobe ------ disturbances in spatial orientation, apraxia, somatosensory agnosia
Define apraxia ------ inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning
Define somatosensory agnosia ------ Inability to recognize familiar objects with use of the senses
Define tactile agnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar objects by touch
Define asomatognosia ------ failure to recognize parts of one's own body
Define anosognosia ------ inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder
Damage specifically to the right parietal lobe ------ contralateral neglect
Define contralateral neglect ------ loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body
Damage specifically to the left parietal lobe ------ ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann syndrome
Define ideational apraxia ------ inability to carry out a sequence of actions
Define ideomotor apraxia ------ inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command
Gertsmann syndrome ------ finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia
Temporal lobe contains the... ------ auditory cortex
Functions of auditory cortex ------ mediates auditory sensation and perception
Damage to the auditory cortex ------ auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception
Location of Wernicke's area ------ located in left temporal lobe
Functions performed in Wernicke's area ------ receptive; involved in comprehension of language
Damage to Wernicke's area ------ Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, characterized by severed deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production
Function of areas of temporal lobe (other than Wernicke's area) ------ mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories
Electrical stimulation of areas in temporal lobe ------ complex, vivid memories that had been previously forgotten
Damage to areas of temporal lobe ------ retrograde and anterograde amnesia
The occipital lobe contains the... ------ visual cortex
Functions of visual cortex ------ visual perception, recognition, and memory
Damage to occipital lobes ------ visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, simultanagnosia
Damage to occipital lobe at junction with occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes ------ prosopagnosia
Define visual agnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar objects
Define simultanagnosia ------ inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time
Define prosopagnosia ------ inability to recognize familiar faces
Name the structures of the hindbrain ------ brain stem (medulla and pons), cerebellum
Function of the medulla ------ influences flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain, coordinates swallowing, coughing, and sneezing, regulates vital functions including breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure
Damage to medulla ------ usually fatal
Function of the pons ------ connects two halves of cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right and left sides of body