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Side A ------ Side B
PTAR ------ -passed by FCC in 1970-stations can't broadcast for more than 3 hours every night-eliminated in 1995-created access horu
regulating content ------ -fcc isn't allowed to acutally prohibit anything-content regulation shapes when is allowed-fcc and gov't aren't proactive content regulators
cumes ------ -total viewers each day-cumulative audience of unique viewers
Sweeps ------ -4 month long period where nielsen collects more than 100 000 viewing diaries-accuracy is debatable
FCC ------ -chief agency of regulating and overseeing tv-started in the 20's with the radio-issue broadcasting licences
Top 4 firms: advertising ------ - Omnicon-WPP-interpublic-publicis
Psychographics ------ -categories by -attitudes-lifestyles-values-interest
Dystopian approach ------ -showing a viewer whats wrong with their life-show how it can be made better with the use of theri product-usually exaggerate the problems
ironic anti-ads ------ -an attempt to stand out from commercial clutter
externalitties ------ -costs and befits felt by people outside a specific exchange-negative externality pollution as a bi-product of manufacturing-not part of the exchange-they experience neggative effects
Thrid exchange ------ -selling audience to advertisers
TV audience ------ -they way industry thinks about viewers-categorizing, measuring, designs-programs them, sells them to advertisers
commodity audience ------ -people that are more likley to buy-who have more money
measuring audience ------ -ratings-shares-cumes
Boutique agencies ------ -smaller-specialize in particular media-creative styles-deographic groups
PICAN standard ------ -guideline saying that broadcasters serve the public interest is a cague-not saying how they need to meet those needs
Single Sponsorship ------ -advertisers paid tolls to stations for advertising time-instead of direct advertising, they made entertaining programming to keep listeners interest
magazine sponsorship ------ -modeled after print ads-each page has one or more ads-networks sold short segments within their programming to place "commercial spots"
Full service agencies ------ -offer clients lots of serviced 
4 parts of service agencies ------ -market research:identify potential promotional stra-creative development: make ad campaignes-media buying: put ads in the media-account services: mage clients
Production company ------ -primary role is to manage the creative process-make a program ready to be distributed over the airwaves/cable system
circuit of culture model ------ -interconnected parts of all TV
Exchanging audiences ------ -tv industry is fueled by advertising money, not programming-primary goal for networks and channels is to sell airtime for advertising-in most places, but America, tv is run by non-profit organizations
origins of tv advertising ------ -came from other medio-toll broadcasting
Toll broadcasting ------ -NYC started selling access to use its frequency
Anti-trust policies ------ -government regulating market concentration-change throughout time
clones ------ -when producers try to make shows that are just like other hit shows
recombinants ------ -little more subtle than cloning-only using certain aspects from hit shows to create new shows
oligopoly ------ -when group of companies restrict competition and control the industry
conglomeration of business ------ -popular in the last few decades-when big corporations buy out little ones-some people see it as a threat to democracy
retransmission consent ------ -cable systems have to pay broadcasters subscription fees for carrying their stations
"must carry" regulations ------ -ensure local broadcasters have access to clearer reception from cable transmission
multi-system operators ------ -national companies that buy local cable systems
cable system ------ -originally made for rural areas where reception wasn't good-community antenna television
show runner ------ -someone who is usually the creater of the show or who makes it successful
Deficit financing ------ -when shows get a lot of debty built up over the first few seasons-even if it is successful
Counter programming ------ -when networks air different types of shows than the other networks at the same time to attract a different audience instead of competing with another network
cross overs ------ -use continued stories throughout the week-using the same characters in 2 shows
3 ways of distribution ------ -networks-channels-syndicators
Distribution ------ -most crucial role in control of the industry and securing profits
transmission ------ -enabling viewers to watch shows
First-run syndication ------ -run at "fringe tiems" that networks don't really program because ppl don't watch tv that time
Syndication ------ -before multi-channeled era of network re-runs were licensed to local stations
Challege programming ------ -when a network takes over a primetime slot to challnege past history
horizontally integrated: corporaate concentration ------ -holding across diff industries-use common ownership to share resources and promote projects-when mult companies feature same artis
Vertical integration: corporate concentration ------ -one company participating in all stages of its business-tv means p[roduction, distribution, transmission-allows companies to save money
Explore TV as: 6 facets ------ -commercial history-democratic institution-textual form-site of cultural representation-part of everday life-technological medium
3 Era's on American TV ------ -classical network era-multi-channel era-convergence era
Classical Network Era ------ -from 1940's to 80's-all programming by ABC, CBS or NBC-set long lasting standards to the type of programming
Multi-Channel Era ------ -cable and satellite-defined the 90's-narrowcasting: specific audience for channels-ppl bout multiple tv sets
Convergence Era ------ -tv is being challenged by the internet and video games
Ch.1: Exchanging Programming ------ -even though we pay for cable, it is assumed to be free-tv is overly commercial: all about money not public interest-paradox: how can something that is ordered for free be oberly commercial
2 type of commerce surrounding the creation of tv ------ -exchange of programming-production
Intro of Book: TV  ------ -most powerful and prevalent mass media in America-strengthens democracy by informing people 
CRTC ------ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission -1976-public organisation with mandate as a regulatory agency for broadcasting and telecommunications. It was created in 1976 when it took over responsibility for regulating telecommunication carriers
T.C.: 24 news era ------ -more opportunities for serious news-not subject to time constraints of network news-more soundbite-driven-more sensationlistic-pack journalism
Making Meaning (M.M): Aesthetics ------ -think like a creator-more sophisticated understanding of TV-realism and TV-naturalistc TV (star trek)-presentational tv (hockey night in canada)
PBS ------ Public Broadcasting Service-1970-most prominent provider of Us progamming- non-profit American public broadcasting television network with 354 member TV stations in the United States which hold collective ownership
CPB ------ Corporation for Public Broadcasting-1967-non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress, funded by the United States’ federal government to promote public broadcasting.
PICON ------ -public interest, convenience, and necessity. PICON is the standard that the FCC uses to set parameters for its control.-It is a basis the FCC uses to decide how to monitor the radio stations, and what they broadcast.  PICON was brought into action when the Communications Act of 1934 was passed
NAB ------ National Association of Broadcasting-trade association, workers union, and lobby group representing the interests of for-profit, over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States. The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks.
Omnicon ------ -found 1986holding company whose agencies provide marketing and communications services in the disciplines of advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), strategic media planning and buying, digital and interactive marketing, direct and promotional marketing, public relations (PR) and other specialty communications.
PSB ------ Public Service Broadcasting-includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing-Found in 1920's
Big Four Marketing Agencies ------ -Omnicon-WPP-Interpublic-Publicis Group
Publicis ------ -French multi-national advertising and communications company-one of three largest advertising holdings-found in 1926
Interpublic group ------ -big four global advertising holdings-found in 1870's
WPP ------ -Wire and Plastic Products-1985-global media communications service-worlds largest advertising groups by revenue
VHF ------ -very high frequency
UHF ------ Ultra high frequency
MTV ------ Music Television-based in New York in 1981-original purpose to play music videos
DBS ------ -Direct Broadcast Satellite-intended for home reception
FCC (FRC) ------ Federal Communications Commission-independent agency of US government-broadband, spectrum, competition, media, homeland security and public safety-1934 Federal Communications Act
The Big Three: TV ------ -NBC-ABC-CBS
ABC ------ American Broadcasting Company-commecial broadcasting television network-created in 1943-first broadcast 1948-owned by Walt Disney-One of the Big Three
TTS: Dominant Genre Cont'd ------ -talk shows-subgenres: early morning talk shows, afternoon talk shows, and late talk shows-steady but unspectacular earners-exceptions
CBS ------ -Columbia Broadcasting system-major us commercial broadcasting television network-started as a radio network-second largest broadcaster in the world-dates back to 1927 with first radio network-1939 tv production
NBC ------ -National Broadcasting Company-American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network-formed in 1926 by RCA and first major broadcasting company
RCA ------ -Radio Corporation of America-American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986.-created at the end of WWI
TTS: Dominant Genre Cont'd ------ -situation comedies-roots in variety and sketch comedy-subgenres: comedians-most common production mode: multi camera studio-some exceptions
TTS: Game Shows ------ -origins:1938- spelling bee 1941: truth or consequences-quiz show scandal:rigged-subgenres: jeopardy, let's make a deal
TTS: genre ------ -roots in literary studies-types of narratives and their conventions-narrative structure-based-setting and iconography based-genre conventions
iconography ------ -describe visual language of cienem
TTS: Genre Cont'd ------ -genre-blending-lack of originality-genre revitalized-genre expectations
TTS: genre cycles ------ -spy shows, 1960-primetime serial dramas, 1980-today: hospital shows, vampires shows
TTS:Dominant genres ------ -soap operas-roots in radio-term of derision-genre conventions-low culture
serial narratives ------ -arrested development
episodic serials ------ -buffy
TTS: Narrative and Non-fiction ------ -quiz shows-character, staging narrative-reality television-characters, staging, storyytelling-rivalries, romances, gossip, editing
Three-act structure ------ writing and evaluating modern storytelling which divides a screenplay into a three parts called the Setup, the Confrontation and the Resolution.
A plot ------ -main plot-cinema and television term referring to the plotline that drives the story.
b plot ------ -subplot-subplot is a secondary plot strand that is a supporting side story for any story or the main plot. Subplots may connect to main plots
C plot ------ -similar to b plot-connects to main story-converges with a and b plot in the end
TTS: Narrative modes and plot structure ------ -anthology series-episodic series-serial narratives-episodic serials-narrative arcs
Anthology ------ -twilight zone
TTS:Narrative time ------ -story time-plot time-screen time-narrative orer-narrative frequency
TTS: Narrative modes and plot structure ------ -narrative equilibrium-complicating action-resolution, return to equilibrium-three act structure-multiple story lines
Episodic  ------ -friends
Diegetic ------ -story world and events in it-style of representation in fiction  and is: the (fictional) world in which the situations and events narrated occur
Non-diegetic ------ -In diegesis the narrator tells the story. The narrator presents to the audience or the implied readers the actions, and perhaps thoughts, of the characters
TTS:Storry telling ------ -story vs. plot-omnisient vs. restricted narration-objective vs. subjective narration0mental subjectivity-direct address-diegetic vs. non-diegetic
videotape: Revolution ------ -revol. sports coverage-instant reply, highlights-revol. news coverage-mobile, flexible, quick-inexpensive docs-Cop's and American's Most Wanted
Telling Television Stories (TTS) characters and events ------ -agency-protagonist-antagonist-ensemble cast-cause and effect
 M.M: editing  ------ -fade in-fade out-dissolves-ellipsis-rhythm-graphics-keys-animation
video tape: Magnetic ------ -not photgraphic-in place of kinescopes-live to tape: talk shows-imporve editing by 1960's-quick cut editing (laugh in)
Mise-en-scene ------ -arrangement of everything that appears in the framing 
M.M Camera work ------ -film vs. videotape-speed-lenses-focus-depth of field-rack focus
M.M: camera work cont'd ------ -framing-onscreen vs. offscreen-movement-pan shot-dolly vs. trackin vs. crane-hand held
Pan shot ------ -roation of a horizontal plane-like the movement of a fan
M.M: multi-camera ------ -hybrid-studio became three camera tlefilm system and postproductino-became standard for sitcomes-quick, more expensive, but durable-studio audience vs. laugh track
M.M-Staging ------ -mise en scene-set, props, lighting, costuming..etc 
180 Degree rule ------ - all scenes are shot from one point-for clarity-two characters in a scene should always have the same left/right 
Shot or reverse shot ------ -shoot over someone's shoulder to show position between one and nother
M.M: Classic Hollywood Style ------ -shots-establishing shots: shots form a bar, coffee shots etc.-long shot-medium shot-two shot, three shot-close up
M.M: Establishing shot ------ -shot from the front of an establishment-ex. front of a bar, coffee shop etc.
M.M Medium Shot ------ -primarily for dialogue-filmed from the waste up-shot from a medium distance
Two shot ------ -frame encompasses a view of two people 
Three Shot ------ -three people in the composition of the frame
Close up ------ -medium, full and extreme-heighten sense of intimacy-shows reflection in an eye-do not show the subject in the broad context of its surroundings
M.M Classic Hollywood style ------ -editing-180 degree rule-maintains screen direction-maintains continuity-shot or reverse jshot-eyeline matches
M.M: Single Camera telefilm prodcution cont'd ------ -classic hollywood style: continuity editing-continuity editing basis for classic hollywood style
M.M: Multi-media live production cont'd ------ -ephemeral-only recording: kinescopes-filmed off television screen -low quality-television theatres-today, news, sports, SNL etc. 
M.M: Single Camera telefilm production ------ -more costly-portentially more creative-potentially more lucrative-caused transition from NYC to LA-on-location shooting: Westerns, Detective Dramas
M.M:Film vs. Radio Cont'd ------ -nature of radio-auditory and imagination-broadcast medium and intimacy-live medium and simultaneity ephermerality
M.M: Multi-camera live production ------ -first major production hub: NYC-same as radio and theatre-television studies-three camera set up-audio equipment-control room: live editing-Seinfeld, Honeymooners
M.M: Film vs. radio ------ -nature of film-night on the town-mechanically reproduced-repeatable
M.M: Modes of TV production ------ -roots in radio-inspiration from film and theatre-variety theatre
T.C: CNN ** ------ -importance of Gulf War, 1991-first 24 hour televised war-embedded journalism-reliance on military-high tech war, pinpoint actions of the war
T.C: Fox News ------ -emergence-challenge to the Big Three-fewer reporters-fewer news bureaus-more pundits
T.C: Cable Revolution ------ -cable revolution-CNN-Fox News-24-hours news era
T.C Cable Revolution ------ -Ted Turner and Cable News Network-Birth of 24-hour news channel-accelerated pace of news-changed the nature of newsworthiness-leads to ESPN, Weather Channel-CNN changed teh view
T.C: Bias of the Medium ------ -print: detailed, factual and analytic-television: immediacy, and intimacy-bias towrads the telegenic, the charismatic-nixon vs. kennedy-regan vs bush, photo ops
T.C:Official Bias ------ -sources: government, military, corport sector-cheaper-tend to go unchallenged-enormouse influence
Televised Citizenship (T.C) ------ -bias-corporate bias-official bias-bias of the medium
T.C: Bias ------ -liberal bias-conservative corrective : Fox News-Balance, even-handedness-too much focus on individual news
T.C: Corporate Bias ------ -direct vs.indirect pressure-repercussions-treatment of labour politics; treatment of working-class and middle-class issues; treatment of corporate crimes; fetishization of the stock market
Political Advertising ------ -image ads-issue ads: focus on certain issues-attack ads- negative advertising-attack opponent-LBJ's daisy ad 1964-cheaper to produce-decreases interest in polities
New Magazine Show ------ -CBC and 80 minutes:taking news and giving a strong emotional appeal-narrative and emotional appealinvestigative journalism -manipulative?
TV and Elections ------ -elections provide plenty of material-elections are highly uncreative-stevenson: anti-political advertising-eisenhow embraces political advertising-2006: 2.1 billion from election material
Early Successes ------ -1952 presidential election-korean war coverage-helps bring end to red scare-contrast between McCarthy and Murrow-McCarthy: off the hinge-Murrow:cool, composed, and rational-Network TV news, new credibility-separation of church and state-Minow effect: vist wasteland speech
Early Success: speeches ------ -1960's hay day-kennedy assassination-MLK's "I have a dream"-Vietnam War: first televised war
Early News ------ -on-location shooting not feasible-reliance on film newsreels-failure to take advantage of immediacy and intimacy-tv goes under new transformation-mostly consensus-voice of WWII-in-depth coverage
Televized Citizenship ------ -1st amendment and its protection of civil liberties-includes freedom of speech and press-press keeping eye on government-commercial sponsorship, mass circulation-birth of the radio newscast-report things as they happen-FDR's fireside chats-president speech from oval office
1980's ------ -shift away from federalism and Toronto centric perspective of CBC-cable industry effect-new emphasis on choice, profit and audience-new trends towards deregulatino-CBC under fire-schizophrenic: caught between 2 models-public and private model: new CBC-low cost US programming trumps CanCan-the hypocricy of commercial networks-hypocrisy of the CRTC
Telecommunications Act of 1996 ------ -largest revision of media policy since the 30's-keep long standing companies in control
Canadian Broadcasting: Cont'd ------ -CBC franchising-the beachcombers-the dress up-hockey night in canada
Canadian Broadcasting Cont'd ------ - history of federal reports-Aird Commission 1929 (-Results in CBC-British public service model-focues on nation-building
History of federal report ------ -massey commission, 1941-51-fears over cultural colonizationnational identity, national unity-leads to canadian content regulation
Broadcasting Act in 1968 ------ -furthered cultural nationalism-furthered enshrined CBC as voice of the nation-resulted in CRTC
S.P.I: 1960 Cont'd ------ -produced in hollywood-network-deliverd-commercial sponsorship-FCC regulation-Nielsen Metrics-TV Guid as bible the the tv nation
S.P.I: 1961: ------ -Kennedy speaks to National Association of Broadcasters-increased regulation-no greater freedom of expression, greater respons-tv as greatest communication medium ever invented
S.P.I: 1961 cont'd ------ -Newton Minow, FCC chairman-NAB speech: Television and Public Interest-"a vast wasteland"-threatens local broadcasters
S.P.I: Federal Communications Commission ------ -1927:Federal Radio Commission-1934: changed to FCC-issue broadcast licenses-FCC helps bring about network system-before FCC: 50% noncommercial-barely any non-commercial after
FCC licensing: PICAN standard ------ -public interest convenience and necessity-peculiar definition of public interest-baesd on popularity-Corporation America, best suited to deliver "that which interests the public"- non profit
S.P.I: 1960 ------ -television dominant mass media-#1 entertainment medium-#1 news and information medium-#1 advertising medium-production centre moved to Hollywood-Tv as a durable product
S.P.I: Canadian Broadcasting ------ -discussions focues on regulation and policy-The Canadia Sitation-"sleeping with an elephant" living next to america is like sleeping with an elephant-Canada vs. Mexico-linguistic differences-geographical difference
S.P.I: Minow Effect ------ -public broadcasting act of 1967-corporation for public broadcasting-Public Broadcasting Service
S.P.I: Content regulation ------ -fines-obscenity-indecency-profanity-parental guidelines-fairenss doctrine
S.P.I: Minow Era ------ -broadcasting came under scrutiny and address public interest with a medium that would help with public interest-attacks networks and monopolistic practices-promotes independent stations-attacks commercial influence in programmign-promotes non-commercial television
A.E: product knowledge ------ -factual information-emotional connections-implicit persuasion-anti-ads-consumerist ethos
Serving the Public Interest (S.P.I): Television run by PSB ------ -public service broadcasting (PSB)-non-profit/government-in public interest-education, edification-tv broadcasting and responsibility-too imp. to be placed in private hands
S.P.I: U.S ------ -broadcasting and private enterprise-public interest/for -profit broadcasting-free market never free-government steps in to regulate radio-control airwaves, limit number of stations-regulation vs.deregulation, controlvs.freedom, hard to establish when free
S.P.I: Britain and Canada ------ -public service model-education, edification-informed citizenry-cultural enrichment-diversity
A.E: Agencies ------ -full service-boutique-conglomeration-The Big Four
Full Service ------ -high power agencies that take on all different aspects of marketing and marketing reserach work in multi-media
Boutique ------ -small agencies that provide more personal touch, more interest
Conglomeration ------ -world advertising agencies-greater concentration on industry and fewer ad agencies dominating the ad market 
The Big Four ------ -four biggest agencies in company with televison-Omnicon Group-WPP Group-Interpublic Group-Publicis Group
A.E: Pricing ------ -30 second spot on Fox's American Idol-30 second spot on NBC'sDateline-market and share demographics-marketing analytics-demographics-psychographics (attitudes/lifestyle on choices)
A.E: Importance of Super Bowl ------ -ratings-demographics-pricing-successful ads can be cultural touchstones-1984 apple macintosh (promotion)
A.E: Infomercials ------ -flow of infomercial television-product integration-seamless and invisible-ironic-30 Rocks, Friends
Obscenity ------ -sexual content appealing solely to "prurient interests"-no legit social value law applied to hard core porn
Indescency ------ -something that is offensive-large margin for judgment-safe harbour: between 6 and 1-
Problem with Nielsen ------ -not sure if the people meter was a reliable tool of evaluation for viewing
A.E : tv and myth of democracy ------ -closed ballot-industry not always interested in majority vote-most votes go uncounted-in short: strange and unrepresentative form of democracy
Sweeps Diaries ------ -four times a year, developers ask viewers to keep diaries of viewing habits to process for reserach
A.E: Measuring Audiences ------ -ratings-shares-Nielsen Media Research Company-People meters-sweeps diaries-problem with Nielsen
commodity audience ------ -basic for audience that has most money-most consumerists-less harsh in their habits and flexibility-primarly young or upper-middle class suburban
A. E: Classical Era ------ -this audence was a mass audience-1970's on, this audience thought of as segmented-segments in audience networks target-commodity audience-television may be free, but not without costs
Audience exchange (A.E): Important distinction: viewers vs. audiences ------ -actual people who watch shows vs. the way the industry categorizes them and sells them to advertisers-industry has limited interest when it comes to viewing habits and who and what, hot how or why-industry constructs audiences
Origins of TV advertising Cont'd ------ -single-sponsorship dethroned-new advertising model : magazines-print media: multiple sponsors for each page-television: multiple sponsors for each show-networks and advertisers: win-win-major effect of flaw of television
Origins of TV advertising ------ -importance of radio-radio's commercial broadcastingmodel transferred to television-toll broadcasting-single-sponsorship-frist radio, then television
Primary Goal for Networks and Channels ------ -primary goal is selling air time-fueled by advertising, not programming
Exchanging Audiences ------ -programming-televison industry fuled by advertising-primary goal for network channels: air time-major source of revenue-major determinant of programming-does this commercial broadcasting seem natural
Top 5 Media Conglomerate ------ -Walt Disney-News corporation-Viacom-Time Warner-CBS
Web of Ownership: Vicarious Acquisition ------ -diversification-diverse media conglomerate of different corporations
Distribution: Web of Ownership ------ -conglomerate a number of different things are grouped to form a whole, but remain distinct entities-1960's conglomerate era-vicarious aquistition: diversification-the case of Paramount-1980's to present: full blown conglomerate-new olipology; synergy
Distribution: Transmission ------ -classical era: broadcast stations-VHF and UHF spotty viewing ( best viewing)-local broadcasting-owned and operated stations, profitable-cable television-direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
AMEX and Warner ------ -joint venture for music television
Distribution: Music television (MTV) ------ -joint venture: AMEX and Warner-launched in 1981-focused on demographic of TV babies 12-34 years-major force in tv, music, advertising-influence on motion picture-new model of "flow" (only used to be music video)-syndication
Network Era vs. Cable Era ------ -Network era: mass market-Cable era: targeted marketing
Standards and practices of network distribution ------ -standards and practices = organization and division in networks that allow shows
Distribution of Attention ------ -distribute schedules and viewer attraction between networks
Networks ------ -develop schedule-attract viewers-involved  in program creation-flow of network television-promotion-branding-programming
Desilu Production ------ -I love Lucy-Star Trek
Distribution ------ -networks-music television-transmission-web of ownership
Production Cont'd ------ -players in tv production (actors, direction, production)-film studies-independent tv producers-networks and channels-self productino of common cable tv
Production ------ - tend to associate shows with networks-shows rarely produced by networks-production of tv programming is not like the production of any other commodity-demanding, costly and risky-deficit managing, lose a lot of money if show doesn't work-tv shows and success is like a lottery
3 facets to us tv industry ------ -production-distribution-transmissionalso, comparison with film industry and compare with consumer goods
US TV culture ------ -free yet overtly commercial-exchange of programming-exchange of advertising-exchange of audience
Hallmarks of post-war consumer culture ------ -discount stores-super markets-shopping malls-fast food restaurants-credit cards-television of advertising
Post-war consumer culture ------ -huge changes after war-new domestic ideal-high marriage rate-baby boom-nuclear family-suburbanization-car culture-accelerated consumer culture
Commercial Broadcasting: Viewing ------ -from public to private space-market for household furnishing-rapid growth 90% by 1990-live television era-I Love Lucy: first superstar show
Commercial Broadcasting: television- development ------ -fcc regulates agency for regulationg broadcasting-who to be in charge: radio or film-suggestions: pay-per-view, subscription (subscribe to tv or go to a theatre to watch tv)-radio industry wins
RCA's Land of Tomorrow ------ -showcase for everything that was news and happening at RCA-showroom: high class living room, supported TV set
Commercial Broadcasting: Television ------ - from radio brc. to tv brc. (broadcasting)-RCA to National Broadcasting Corp (tv console)NB-Columbia Broadcasting System-Dumont, built tv consoles-American Broadcasting Company-Film industry, concern and interest-1939 Tv's breakthrough year
Growth of Radio ------ -steady-1930-1950 from 46-95% of homes had a radio -programming conventionalized, news, variety shows, detective stories, commercials
Electronic Hearth ------ -hearth means fire-presents as a family gathering around traditional piece of furniture-radio turned into tradition piece of furniture-new hearth for modern age (replace fireplace)
Basic characteristics of broadcasting ------ - private owenership-government regulated-networks formed-commercial sponsorship-private home reception-gadget to console
Wireless (radio) ------ -19th century radio was developed-point-to-point means of communication until 1920-1920 voice was able to transform sound-wireless telegraphy (original name)-like moors code-1920 RCA first major broadcastor-Westing house apart of radio and then separated
Commercial Broadcasting: Radio ------ -wireless-point-to-point comm.-marketing tool-Radio Corporation of Ameria : RCA-Westinghouse: first radio on the air-broadcast radio-commrecial radio
Why television? ------ -enormously profitable industry-important part of modern democracy-unique, creative form-mirror of our world-central part of our lives-crucial, rapidly changing
Profanity ------ -offensive language-regulated using safe harbour policies-fines are rarely issued for just proganity used in broadcasts
NAB code ------ -self-censoring
fairness doctrine ------ -starting in the 40's -fcc rules that broadcasters had to avoid presenting singular perspectives on controversial issues-broadcasters had to schedual certain airtime to broadcast opinino
Copyright programming ------ -impacts tv programming and has been impacted by the digital age-an area where there has always been lobbying-copyright gives exclusive rights of a work to its creator-copyrighted for 95 years
Fair Due of Copyrgithed Material ------ -where someone can use their work if its in a small portion of work-noncommercial uses, educational, critical, satirical (ambiguous)
Betamax Case ------ -where recording a show on vcr for personal use was fair play-led to more copying practices
Corporation for public broadcasting ------ -made in 1967 at the Carnegie commission on edtv-push for stronger partnership between private and public foundations-make public broadcasting act-never fully enacted
2 types of programming that servces public interest ------ -educational tv -journalism
First amendment ------ -not just goverment interfereing with freedom of press/speech-also about free area for competing
adversarial press ------ -forum of competing partisan publications
20's press had become comercially driven ------ -most cities had 2 papers and were run by big companies-often used sensationalist press and tabloids to gain readership
consensus press ------ -what journalism did-more about the interest of government and coporate leadership
TV journalism ------ -started in the 40's quickly after tv started-didn't have on location reporting-did news in the studios
journalism indexing ------ -shwoing different sides of the storythat most people believe in
news magazine ------ -60's was an inportant indepth news show-sdeemed to be overly dramatic and emotional-emphasized narrative structure of news
Debate over bias ------ -to do with partisan polotics-news used to be seen as really left wing-isn't really any conclusive evidence showing that they are liberal-journalists don't have a lot of say on how they present their stories
Agendia setting ------ -process of selecting stories
official bias ------ -how journalists report the news-they are told waht is news by official sources-since journalists need access to these officials, they are less likely to make stories that would challenege officials and their network
Medium bias ------ -provides mroe emotion-harder to convey a complex issue
Kennedy vs. Nixon ------ -Nixon: looked all old and haggard-Kennedy: looked all sharp and fancy-Radio said Nixon did better-TV said Kennedy did better
Electronic  news gathering ------ -first portable video recorders-used to record reporters on location-80's they had camcorders
Video News Releases ------ -seems like stories by a reporter-actually made by a PR firm to promote their interests
realism ------ -viewers regularly judge a program on whether it feels true or real life-expecting content to be believable and to relate to their world
NAturalistic ------ -representing the real world without any maniupulation
-presenation ------ -overt in use of technology and video conventions to represent the world-viewers are able to lose themselves in the story
tv studio ------ -buildings customized to make complex practice of broadcasting programming efficent and routine
Stage area ------ -presents programs content-follows with sets, props, lighting costumes and performers-framed by stage and curtains
Multiple cameras (3) ------ -visually capture performances-series of microphones: transmit audio
Audio Mix ------ -mixer mizes various  microphones and other sources into an audio mix
Video switcher ------ -controls room-selects which of the cameras will be broadcast-choose how to switch between shots using dissolves and other effects-add additional video sources
Both Audio Mix and Video switcher ------ -creates live editing-video and audio are combined and transmitted to the stations
kinescope ------ -low quality system-film camera would shoot program directly from television screen receiving live signal
Anthology Drama ------ -unique stand-alone play present live weekley via sponsor named program-important type of programming
Telefilms ------ -not live (filmed television)-shoot ourdoors and in multiple locations
Master shot ------ -action from a adistance to cover entire scene-use to set up shots with facial close-ups
Efficient ------ -scenes are shot out of order in order to make best use of cast members and special sets/locations-more flexible
postproduction ------ -process very time-consuming-reels of film must be developed and edited together into continuous sequence-synchronize with sound

Side A ------ Side B
PTAR ------ -passed by FCC in 1970-stations can't broadcast for more than 3 hours every night-eliminated in 1995-created access horu
regulating content ------ -fcc isn't allowed to acutally prohibit anything-content regulation shapes when is allowed-fcc and gov't aren't proactive content regulators
cumes ------ -total viewers each day-cumulative audience of unique viewers
Sweeps ------ -4 month long period where nielsen collects more than 100 000 viewing diaries-accuracy is debatable
FCC ------ -chief agency of regulating and overseeing tv-started in the 20's with the radio-issue broadcasting licences
Top 4 firms: advertising ------ - Omnicon-WPP-interpublic-publicis
Psychographics ------ -categories by -attitudes-lifestyles-values-interest
Dystopian approach ------ -showing a viewer whats wrong with their life-show how it can be made better with the use of theri product-usually exaggerate the problems
ironic anti-ads ------ -an attempt to stand out from commercial clutter
externalitties ------ -costs and befits felt by people outside a specific exchange-negative externality pollution as a bi-product of manufacturing-not part of the exchange-they experience neggative effects
Thrid exchange ------ -selling audience to advertisers
TV audience ------ -they way industry thinks about viewers-categorizing, measuring, designs-programs them, sells them to advertisers
commodity audience ------ -people that are more likley to buy-who have more money
measuring audience ------ -ratings-shares-cumes
Boutique agencies ------ -smaller-specialize in particular media-creative styles-deographic groups
PICAN standard ------ -guideline saying that broadcasters serve the public interest is a cague-not saying how they need to meet those needs
Single Sponsorship ------ -advertisers paid tolls to stations for advertising time-instead of direct advertising, they made entertaining programming to keep listeners interest
magazine sponsorship ------ -modeled after print ads-each page has one or more ads-networks sold short segments within their programming to place "commercial spots"
Full service agencies ------ -offer clients lots of serviced 
4 parts of service agencies ------ -market research:identify potential promotional stra-creative development: make ad campaignes-media buying: put ads in the media-account services: mage clients
Production company ------ -primary role is to manage the creative process-make a program ready to be distributed over the airwaves/cable system
circuit of culture model ------ -interconnected parts of all TV
Exchanging audiences ------ -tv industry is fueled by advertising money, not programming-primary goal for networks and channels is to sell airtime for advertising-in most places, but America, tv is run by non-profit organizations
origins of tv advertising ------ -came from other medio-toll broadcasting
Toll broadcasting ------ -NYC started selling access to use its frequency
Anti-trust policies ------ -government regulating market concentration-change throughout time
clones ------ -when producers try to make shows that are just like other hit shows
recombinants ------ -little more subtle than cloning-only using certain aspects from hit shows to create new shows
oligopoly ------ -when group of companies restrict competition and control the industry
conglomeration of business ------ -popular in the last few decades-when big corporations buy out little ones-some people see it as a threat to democracy
retransmission consent ------ -cable systems have to pay broadcasters subscription fees for carrying their stations
"must carry" regulations ------ -ensure local broadcasters have access to clearer reception from cable transmission
multi-system operators ------ -national companies that buy local cable systems
cable system ------ -originally made for rural areas where reception wasn't good-community antenna television
show runner ------ -someone who is usually the creater of the show or who makes it successful
Deficit financing ------ -when shows get a lot of debty built up over the first few seasons-even if it is successful
Counter programming ------ -when networks air different types of shows than the other networks at the same time to attract a different audience instead of competing with another network
cross overs ------ -use continued stories throughout the week-using the same characters in 2 shows
3 ways of distribution ------ -networks-channels-syndicators
Distribution ------ -most crucial role in control of the industry and securing profits
transmission ------ -enabling viewers to watch shows
First-run syndication ------ -run at "fringe tiems" that networks don't really program because ppl don't watch tv that time
Syndication ------ -before multi-channeled era of network re-runs were licensed to local stations
Challege programming ------ -when a network takes over a primetime slot to challnege past history
horizontally integrated: corporaate concentration ------ -holding across diff industries-use common ownership to share resources and promote projects-when mult companies feature same artis
Vertical integration: corporate concentration ------ -one company participating in all stages of its business-tv means p[roduction, distribution, transmission-allows companies to save money
Explore TV as: 6 facets ------ -commercial history-democratic institution-textual form-site of cultural representation-part of everday life-technological medium
3 Era's on American TV ------ -classical network era-multi-channel era-convergence era
Classical Network Era ------ -from 1940's to 80's-all programming by ABC, CBS or NBC-set long lasting standards to the type of programming
Multi-Channel Era ------ -cable and satellite-defined the 90's-narrowcasting: specific audience for channels-ppl bout multiple tv sets
Convergence Era ------ -tv is being challenged by the internet and video games
Ch.1: Exchanging Programming ------ -even though we pay for cable, it is assumed to be free-tv is overly commercial: all about money not public interest-paradox: how can something that is ordered for free be oberly commercial
2 type of commerce surrounding the creation of tv ------ -exchange of programming-production
Intro of Book: TV  ------ -most powerful and prevalent mass media in America-strengthens democracy by informing people 
CRTC ------ Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission -1976-public organisation with mandate as a regulatory agency for broadcasting and telecommunications. It was created in 1976 when it took over responsibility for regulating telecommunication carriers
T.C.: 24 news era ------ -more opportunities for serious news-not subject to time constraints of network news-more soundbite-driven-more sensationlistic-pack journalism
Making Meaning (M.M): Aesthetics ------ -think like a creator-more sophisticated understanding of TV-realism and TV-naturalistc TV (star trek)-presentational tv (hockey night in canada)
PBS ------ Public Broadcasting Service-1970-most prominent provider of Us progamming- non-profit American public broadcasting television network with 354 member TV stations in the United States which hold collective ownership
CPB ------ Corporation for Public Broadcasting-1967-non-profit corporation created by an act of the United States Congress, funded by the United States’ federal government to promote public broadcasting.
PICON ------ -public interest, convenience, and necessity. PICON is the standard that the FCC uses to set parameters for its control.-It is a basis the FCC uses to decide how to monitor the radio stations, and what they broadcast.  PICON was brought into action when the Communications Act of 1934 was passed
NAB ------ National Association of Broadcasting-trade association, workers union, and lobby group representing the interests of for-profit, over-the-air radio and television broadcasters in the United States. The NAB represents more than 8,300 terrestrial radio and television stations as well as broadcast networks.
Omnicon ------ -found 1986holding company whose agencies provide marketing and communications services in the disciplines of advertising, customer relationship management (CRM), strategic media planning and buying, digital and interactive marketing, direct and promotional marketing, public relations (PR) and other specialty communications.
PSB ------ Public Service Broadcasting-includes radio, television and other electronic media outlets whose primary mission is public service. Public broadcasters receive funding from diverse sources including license fees, individual contributions, public financing and commercial financing-Found in 1920's
Big Four Marketing Agencies ------ -Omnicon-WPP-Interpublic-Publicis Group
Publicis ------ -French multi-national advertising and communications company-one of three largest advertising holdings-found in 1926
Interpublic group ------ -big four global advertising holdings-found in 1870's
WPP ------ -Wire and Plastic Products-1985-global media communications service-worlds largest advertising groups by revenue
VHF ------ -very high frequency
UHF ------ Ultra high frequency
MTV ------ Music Television-based in New York in 1981-original purpose to play music videos
DBS ------ -Direct Broadcast Satellite-intended for home reception
FCC (FRC) ------ Federal Communications Commission-independent agency of US government-broadband, spectrum, competition, media, homeland security and public safety-1934 Federal Communications Act
The Big Three: TV ------ -NBC-ABC-CBS
ABC ------ American Broadcasting Company-commecial broadcasting television network-created in 1943-first broadcast 1948-owned by Walt Disney-One of the Big Three
TTS: Dominant Genre Cont'd ------ -talk shows-subgenres: early morning talk shows, afternoon talk shows, and late talk shows-steady but unspectacular earners-exceptions
CBS ------ -Columbia Broadcasting system-major us commercial broadcasting television network-started as a radio network-second largest broadcaster in the world-dates back to 1927 with first radio network-1939 tv production
NBC ------ -National Broadcasting Company-American commercial broadcasting television network and former radio network-formed in 1926 by RCA and first major broadcasting company
RCA ------ -Radio Corporation of America-American electronics company in existence from 1919 to 1986.-created at the end of WWI
TTS: Dominant Genre Cont'd ------ -situation comedies-roots in variety and sketch comedy-subgenres: comedians-most common production mode: multi camera studio-some exceptions
TTS: Game Shows ------ -origins:1938- spelling bee 1941: truth or consequences-quiz show scandal:rigged-subgenres: jeopardy, let's make a deal
TTS: genre ------ -roots in literary studies-types of narratives and their conventions-narrative structure-based-setting and iconography based-genre conventions
iconography ------ -describe visual language of cienem
TTS: Genre Cont'd ------ -genre-blending-lack of originality-genre revitalized-genre expectations
TTS: genre cycles ------ -spy shows, 1960-primetime serial dramas, 1980-today: hospital shows, vampires shows
TTS:Dominant genres ------ -soap operas-roots in radio-term of derision-genre conventions-low culture
serial narratives ------ -arrested development
episodic serials ------ -buffy
TTS: Narrative and Non-fiction ------ -quiz shows-character, staging narrative-reality television-characters, staging, storyytelling-rivalries, romances, gossip, editing
Three-act structure ------ writing and evaluating modern storytelling which divides a screenplay into a three parts called the Setup, the Confrontation and the Resolution.
A plot ------ -main plot-cinema and television term referring to the plotline that drives the story.
b plot ------ -subplot-subplot is a secondary plot strand that is a supporting side story for any story or the main plot. Subplots may connect to main plots
C plot ------ -similar to b plot-connects to main story-converges with a and b plot in the end
TTS: Narrative modes and plot structure ------ -anthology series-episodic series-serial narratives-episodic serials-narrative arcs
Anthology ------ -twilight zone
TTS:Narrative time ------ -story time-plot time-screen time-narrative orer-narrative frequency
TTS: Narrative modes and plot structure ------ -narrative equilibrium-complicating action-resolution, return to equilibrium-three act structure-multiple story lines
Episodic  ------ -friends
Diegetic ------ -story world and events in it-style of representation in fiction  and is: the (fictional) world in which the situations and events narrated occur
Non-diegetic ------ -In diegesis the narrator tells the story. The narrator presents to the audience or the implied readers the actions, and perhaps thoughts, of the characters
TTS:Storry telling ------ -story vs. plot-omnisient vs. restricted narration-objective vs. subjective narration0mental subjectivity-direct address-diegetic vs. non-diegetic
videotape: Revolution ------ -revol. sports coverage-instant reply, highlights-revol. news coverage-mobile, flexible, quick-inexpensive docs-Cop's and American's Most Wanted
Telling Television Stories (TTS) characters and events ------ -agency-protagonist-antagonist-ensemble cast-cause and effect
 M.M: editing  ------ -fade in-fade out-dissolves-ellipsis-rhythm-graphics-keys-animation
video tape: Magnetic ------ -not photgraphic-in place of kinescopes-live to tape: talk shows-imporve editing by 1960's-quick cut editing (laugh in)
Mise-en-scene ------ -arrangement of everything that appears in the framing 
M.M Camera work ------ -film vs. videotape-speed-lenses-focus-depth of field-rack focus
M.M: camera work cont'd ------ -framing-onscreen vs. offscreen-movement-pan shot-dolly vs. trackin vs. crane-hand held
Pan shot ------ -roation of a horizontal plane-like the movement of a fan
M.M: multi-camera ------ -hybrid-studio became three camera tlefilm system and postproductino-became standard for sitcomes-quick, more expensive, but durable-studio audience vs. laugh track
M.M-Staging ------ -mise en scene-set, props, lighting, costuming..etc 
180 Degree rule ------ - all scenes are shot from one point-for clarity-two characters in a scene should always have the same left/right 
Shot or reverse shot ------ -shoot over someone's shoulder to show position between one and nother
M.M: Classic Hollywood Style ------ -shots-establishing shots: shots form a bar, coffee shots etc.-long shot-medium shot-two shot, three shot-close up
M.M: Establishing shot ------ -shot from the front of an establishment-ex. front of a bar, coffee shop etc.
M.M Medium Shot ------ -primarily for dialogue-filmed from the waste up-shot from a medium distance
Two shot ------ -frame encompasses a view of two people 
Three Shot ------ -three people in the composition of the frame
Close up ------ -medium, full and extreme-heighten sense of intimacy-shows reflection in an eye-do not show the subject in the broad context of its surroundings
M.M Classic Hollywood style ------ -editing-180 degree rule-maintains screen direction-maintains continuity-shot or reverse jshot-eyeline matches
M.M: Single Camera telefilm prodcution cont'd ------ -classic hollywood style: continuity editing-continuity editing basis for classic hollywood style
M.M: Multi-media live production cont'd ------ -ephemeral-only recording: kinescopes-filmed off television screen -low quality-television theatres-today, news, sports, SNL etc. 
M.M: Single Camera telefilm production ------ -more costly-portentially more creative-potentially more lucrative-caused transition from NYC to LA-on-location shooting: Westerns, Detective Dramas
M.M:Film vs. Radio Cont'd ------ -nature of radio-auditory and imagination-broadcast medium and intimacy-live medium and simultaneity ephermerality
M.M: Multi-camera live production ------ -first major production hub: NYC-same as radio and theatre-television studies-three camera set up-audio equipment-control room: live editing-Seinfeld, Honeymooners
M.M: Film vs. radio ------ -nature of film-night on the town-mechanically reproduced-repeatable
M.M: Modes of TV production ------ -roots in radio-inspiration from film and theatre-variety theatre
T.C: CNN ** ------ -importance of Gulf War, 1991-first 24 hour televised war-embedded journalism-reliance on military-high tech war, pinpoint actions of the war
T.C: Fox News ------ -emergence-challenge to the Big Three-fewer reporters-fewer news bureaus-more pundits
T.C: Cable Revolution ------ -cable revolution-CNN-Fox News-24-hours news era
T.C Cable Revolution ------ -Ted Turner and Cable News Network-Birth of 24-hour news channel-accelerated pace of news-changed the nature of newsworthiness-leads to ESPN, Weather Channel-CNN changed teh view
T.C: Bias of the Medium ------ -print: detailed, factual and analytic-television: immediacy, and intimacy-bias towrads the telegenic, the charismatic-nixon vs. kennedy-regan vs bush, photo ops
T.C:Official Bias ------ -sources: government, military, corport sector-cheaper-tend to go unchallenged-enormouse influence
Televised Citizenship (T.C) ------ -bias-corporate bias-official bias-bias of the medium
T.C: Bias ------ -liberal bias-conservative corrective : Fox News-Balance, even-handedness-too much focus on individual news
T.C: Corporate Bias ------ -direct vs.indirect pressure-repercussions-treatment of labour politics; treatment of working-class and middle-class issues; treatment of corporate crimes; fetishization of the stock market
Political Advertising ------ -image ads-issue ads: focus on certain issues-attack ads- negative advertising-attack opponent-LBJ's daisy ad 1964-cheaper to produce-decreases interest in polities
New Magazine Show ------ -CBC and 80 minutes:taking news and giving a strong emotional appeal-narrative and emotional appealinvestigative journalism -manipulative?
TV and Elections ------ -elections provide plenty of material-elections are highly uncreative-stevenson: anti-political advertising-eisenhow embraces political advertising-2006: 2.1 billion from election material
Early Successes ------ -1952 presidential election-korean war coverage-helps bring end to red scare-contrast between McCarthy and Murrow-McCarthy: off the hinge-Murrow:cool, composed, and rational-Network TV news, new credibility-separation of church and state-Minow effect: vist wasteland speech
Early Success: speeches ------ -1960's hay day-kennedy assassination-MLK's "I have a dream"-Vietnam War: first televised war
Early News ------ -on-location shooting not feasible-reliance on film newsreels-failure to take advantage of immediacy and intimacy-tv goes under new transformation-mostly consensus-voice of WWII-in-depth coverage
Televized Citizenship ------ -1st amendment and its protection of civil liberties-includes freedom of speech and press-press keeping eye on government-commercial sponsorship, mass circulation-birth of the radio newscast-report things as they happen-FDR's fireside chats-president speech from oval office
1980's ------ -shift away from federalism and Toronto centric perspective of CBC-cable industry effect-new emphasis on choice, profit and audience-new trends towards deregulatino-CBC under fire-schizophrenic: caught between 2 models-public and private model: new CBC-low cost US programming trumps CanCan-the hypocricy of commercial networks-hypocrisy of the CRTC
Telecommunications Act of 1996 ------ -largest revision of media policy since the 30's-keep long standing companies in control
Canadian Broadcasting: Cont'd ------ -CBC franchising-the beachcombers-the dress up-hockey night in canada
Canadian Broadcasting Cont'd ------ - history of federal reports-Aird Commission 1929 (-Results in CBC-British public service model-focues on nation-building
History of federal report ------ -massey commission, 1941-51-fears over cultural colonizationnational identity, national unity-leads to canadian content regulation
Broadcasting Act in 1968 ------ -furthered cultural nationalism-furthered enshrined CBC as voice of the nation-resulted in CRTC
S.P.I: 1960 Cont'd ------ -produced in hollywood-network-deliverd-commercial sponsorship-FCC regulation-Nielsen Metrics-TV Guid as bible the the tv nation
S.P.I: 1961: ------ -Kennedy speaks to National Association of Broadcasters-increased regulation-no greater freedom of expression, greater respons-tv as greatest communication medium ever invented
S.P.I: 1961 cont'd ------ -Newton Minow, FCC chairman-NAB speech: Television and Public Interest-"a vast wasteland"-threatens local broadcasters
S.P.I: Federal Communications Commission ------ -1927:Federal Radio Commission-1934: changed to FCC-issue broadcast licenses-FCC helps bring about network system-before FCC: 50% noncommercial-barely any non-commercial after
FCC licensing: PICAN standard ------ -public interest convenience and necessity-peculiar definition of public interest-baesd on popularity-Corporation America, best suited to deliver "that which interests the public"- non profit
S.P.I: 1960 ------ -television dominant mass media-#1 entertainment medium-#1 news and information medium-#1 advertising medium-production centre moved to Hollywood-Tv as a durable product
S.P.I: Canadian Broadcasting ------ -discussions focues on regulation and policy-The Canadia Sitation-"sleeping with an elephant" living next to america is like sleeping with an elephant-Canada vs. Mexico-linguistic differences-geographical difference
S.P.I: Minow Effect ------ -public broadcasting act of 1967-corporation for public broadcasting-Public Broadcasting Service
S.P.I: Content regulation ------ -fines-obscenity-indecency-profanity-parental guidelines-fairenss doctrine
S.P.I: Minow Era ------ -broadcasting came under scrutiny and address public interest with a medium that would help with public interest-attacks networks and monopolistic practices-promotes independent stations-attacks commercial influence in programmign-promotes non-commercial television
A.E: product knowledge ------ -factual information-emotional connections-implicit persuasion-anti-ads-consumerist ethos
Serving the Public Interest (S.P.I): Television run by PSB ------ -public service broadcasting (PSB)-non-profit/government-in public interest-education, edification-tv broadcasting and responsibility-too imp. to be placed in private hands
S.P.I: U.S ------ -broadcasting and private enterprise-public interest/for -profit broadcasting-free market never free-government steps in to regulate radio-control airwaves, limit number of stations-regulation vs.deregulation, controlvs.freedom, hard to establish when free
S.P.I: Britain and Canada ------ -public service model-education, edification-informed citizenry-cultural enrichment-diversity
A.E: Agencies ------ -full service-boutique-conglomeration-The Big Four
Full Service ------ -high power agencies that take on all different aspects of marketing and marketing reserach work in multi-media
Boutique ------ -small agencies that provide more personal touch, more interest
Conglomeration ------ -world advertising agencies-greater concentration on industry and fewer ad agencies dominating the ad market 
The Big Four ------ -four biggest agencies in company with televison-Omnicon Group-WPP Group-Interpublic Group-Publicis Group
A.E: Pricing ------ -30 second spot on Fox's American Idol-30 second spot on NBC'sDateline-market and share demographics-marketing analytics-demographics-psychographics (attitudes/lifestyle on choices)
A.E: Importance of Super Bowl ------ -ratings-demographics-pricing-successful ads can be cultural touchstones-1984 apple macintosh (promotion)
A.E: Infomercials ------ -flow of infomercial television-product integration-seamless and invisible-ironic-30 Rocks, Friends
Obscenity ------ -sexual content appealing solely to "prurient interests"-no legit social value law applied to hard core porn
Indescency ------ -something that is offensive-large margin for judgment-safe harbour: between 6 and 1-
Problem with Nielsen ------ -not sure if the people meter was a reliable tool of evaluation for viewing
A.E : tv and myth of democracy ------ -closed ballot-industry not always interested in majority vote-most votes go uncounted-in short: strange and unrepresentative form of democracy
Sweeps Diaries ------ -four times a year, developers ask viewers to keep diaries of viewing habits to process for reserach
A.E: Measuring Audiences ------ -ratings-shares-Nielsen Media Research Company-People meters-sweeps diaries-problem with Nielsen
commodity audience ------ -basic for audience that has most money-most consumerists-less harsh in their habits and flexibility-primarly young or upper-middle class suburban
A. E: Classical Era ------ -this audence was a mass audience-1970's on, this audience thought of as segmented-segments in audience networks target-commodity audience-television may be free, but not without costs
Audience exchange (A.E): Important distinction: viewers vs. audiences ------ -actual people who watch shows vs. the way the industry categorizes them and sells them to advertisers-industry has limited interest when it comes to viewing habits and who and what, hot how or why-industry constructs audiences
Origins of TV advertising Cont'd ------ -single-sponsorship dethroned-new advertising model : magazines-print media: multiple sponsors for each page-television: multiple sponsors for each show-networks and advertisers: win-win-major effect of flaw of television
Origins of TV advertising ------ -importance of radio-radio's commercial broadcastingmodel transferred to television-toll broadcasting-single-sponsorship-frist radio, then television
Primary Goal for Networks and Channels ------ -primary goal is selling air time-fueled by advertising, not programming
Exchanging Audiences ------ -programming-televison industry fuled by advertising-primary goal for network channels: air time-major source of revenue-major determinant of programming-does this commercial broadcasting seem natural
Top 5 Media Conglomerate ------ -Walt Disney-News corporation-Viacom-Time Warner-CBS
Web of Ownership: Vicarious Acquisition ------ -diversification-diverse media conglomerate of different corporations
Distribution: Web of Ownership ------ -conglomerate a number of different things are grouped to form a whole, but remain distinct entities-1960's conglomerate era-vicarious aquistition: diversification-the case of Paramount-1980's to present: full blown conglomerate-new olipology; synergy
Distribution: Transmission ------ -classical era: broadcast stations-VHF and UHF spotty viewing ( best viewing)-local broadcasting-owned and operated stations, profitable-cable television-direct broadcast satellite (DBS)
AMEX and Warner ------ -joint venture for music television
Distribution: Music television (MTV) ------ -joint venture: AMEX and Warner-launched in 1981-focused on demographic of TV babies 12-34 years-major force in tv, music, advertising-influence on motion picture-new model of "flow" (only used to be music video)-syndication
Network Era vs. Cable Era ------ -Network era: mass market-Cable era: targeted marketing
Standards and practices of network distribution ------ -standards and practices = organization and division in networks that allow shows
Distribution of Attention ------ -distribute schedules and viewer attraction between networks
Networks ------ -develop schedule-attract viewers-involved  in program creation-flow of network television-promotion-branding-programming
Desilu Production ------ -I love Lucy-Star Trek
Distribution ------ -networks-music television-transmission-web of ownership
Production Cont'd ------ -players in tv production (actors, direction, production)-film studies-independent tv producers-networks and channels-self productino of common cable tv
Production ------ - tend to associate shows with networks-shows rarely produced by networks-production of tv programming is not like the production of any other commodity-demanding, costly and risky-deficit managing, lose a lot of money if show doesn't work-tv shows and success is like a lottery
3 facets to us tv industry ------ -production-distribution-transmissionalso, comparison with film industry and compare with consumer goods
US TV culture ------ -free yet overtly commercial-exchange of programming-exchange of advertising-exchange of audience
Hallmarks of post-war consumer culture ------ -discount stores-super markets-shopping malls-fast food restaurants-credit cards-television of advertising
Post-war consumer culture ------ -huge changes after war-new domestic ideal-high marriage rate-baby boom-nuclear family-suburbanization-car culture-accelerated consumer culture
Commercial Broadcasting: Viewing ------ -from public to private space-market for household furnishing-rapid growth 90% by 1990-live television era-I Love Lucy: first superstar show
Commercial Broadcasting: television- development ------ -fcc regulates agency for regulationg broadcasting-who to be in charge: radio or film-suggestions: pay-per-view, subscription (subscribe to tv or go to a theatre to watch tv)-radio industry wins
RCA's Land of Tomorrow ------ -showcase for everything that was news and happening at RCA-showroom: high class living room, supported TV set
Commercial Broadcasting: Television ------ - from radio brc. to tv brc. (broadcasting)-RCA to National Broadcasting Corp (tv console)NB-Columbia Broadcasting System-Dumont, built tv consoles-American Broadcasting Company-Film industry, concern and interest-1939 Tv's breakthrough year
Growth of Radio ------ -steady-1930-1950 from 46-95% of homes had a radio -programming conventionalized, news, variety shows, detective stories, commercials
Electronic Hearth ------ -hearth means fire-presents as a family gathering around traditional piece of furniture-radio turned into tradition piece of furniture-new hearth for modern age (replace fireplace)
Basic characteristics of broadcasting ------ - private owenership-government regulated-networks formed-commercial sponsorship-private home reception-gadget to console
Wireless (radio) ------ -19th century radio was developed-point-to-point means of communication until 1920-1920 voice was able to transform sound-wireless telegraphy (original name)-like moors code-1920 RCA first major broadcastor-Westing house apart of radio and then separated
Commercial Broadcasting: Radio ------ -wireless-point-to-point comm.-marketing tool-Radio Corporation of Ameria : RCA-Westinghouse: first radio on the air-broadcast radio-commrecial radio
Why television? ------ -enormously profitable industry-important part of modern democracy-unique, creative form-mirror of our world-central part of our lives-crucial, rapidly changing
Profanity ------ -offensive language-regulated using safe harbour policies-fines are rarely issued for just proganity used in broadcasts
NAB code ------ -self-censoring
fairness doctrine ------ -starting in the 40's -fcc rules that broadcasters had to avoid presenting singular perspectives on controversial issues-broadcasters had to schedual certain airtime to broadcast opinino
Copyright programming ------ -impacts tv programming and has been impacted by the digital age-an area where there has always been lobbying-copyright gives exclusive rights of a work to its creator-copyrighted for 95 years
Fair Due of Copyrgithed Material ------ -where someone can use their work if its in a small portion of work-noncommercial uses, educational, critical, satirical (ambiguous)
Betamax Case ------ -where recording a show on vcr for personal use was fair play-led to more copying practices
Corporation for public broadcasting ------ -made in 1967 at the Carnegie commission on edtv-push for stronger partnership between private and public foundations-make public broadcasting act-never fully enacted
2 types of programming that servces public interest ------ -educational tv -journalism
First amendment ------ -not just goverment interfereing with freedom of press/speech-also about free area for competing
adversarial press ------ -forum of competing partisan publications
20's press had become comercially driven ------ -most cities had 2 papers and were run by big companies-often used sensationalist press and tabloids to gain readership
consensus press ------ -what journalism did-more about the interest of government and coporate leadership
TV journalism ------ -started in the 40's quickly after tv started-didn't have on location reporting-did news in the studios
journalism indexing ------ -shwoing different sides of the storythat most people believe in
news magazine ------ -60's was an inportant indepth news show-sdeemed to be overly dramatic and emotional-emphasized narrative structure of news
Debate over bias ------ -to do with partisan polotics-news used to be seen as really left wing-isn't really any conclusive evidence showing that they are liberal-journalists don't have a lot of say on how they present their stories
Agendia setting ------ -process of selecting stories
official bias ------ -how journalists report the news-they are told waht is news by official sources-since journalists need access to these officials, they are less likely to make stories that would challenege officials and their network
Medium bias ------ -provides mroe emotion-harder to convey a complex issue
Kennedy vs. Nixon ------ -Nixon: looked all old and haggard-Kennedy: looked all sharp and fancy-Radio said Nixon did better-TV said Kennedy did better
Electronic  news gathering ------ -first portable video recorders-used to record reporters on location-80's they had camcorders
Video News Releases ------ -seems like stories by a reporter-actually made by a PR firm to promote their interests
realism ------ -viewers regularly judge a program on whether it feels true or real life-expecting content to be believable and to relate to their world
NAturalistic ------ -representing the real world without any maniupulation
-presenation ------ -overt in use of technology and video conventions to represent the world-viewers are able to lose themselves in the story
tv studio ------ -buildings customized to make complex practice of broadcasting programming efficent and routine
Stage area ------ -presents programs content-follows with sets, props, lighting costumes and performers-framed by stage and curtains
Multiple cameras (3) ------ -visually capture performances-series of microphones: transmit audio
Audio Mix ------ -mixer mizes various  microphones and other sources into an audio mix
Video switcher ------ -controls room-selects which of the cameras will be broadcast-choose how to switch between shots using dissolves and other effects-add additional video sources
Both Audio Mix and Video switcher ------ -creates live editing-video and audio are combined and transmitted to the stations
kinescope ------ -low quality system-film camera would shoot program directly from television screen receiving live signal
Anthology Drama ------ -unique stand-alone play present live weekley via sponsor named program-important type of programming
Telefilms ------ -not live (filmed television)-shoot ourdoors and in multiple locations
Master shot ------ -action from a adistance to cover entire scene-use to set up shots with facial close-ups
Efficient ------ -scenes are shot out of order in order to make best use of cast members and special sets/locations-more flexible
postproduction ------ -process very time-consuming-reels of film must be developed and edited together into continuous sequence-synchronize with sound