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Chemical Classification Of Hormones
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Side A ------ Side B Endocrine System ------ -Endocrine glands (ductless) secrete hormones Hormones ------ intercellular chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood and each target cells thru circulation Chemical classes of hormones ------ 1. Amines 2. Proteins and Peptides 3. Steroids Amines ------ -derivative of tyrosine * Thyroid Hormones -T3 and T4 (secretes more T4, but T3 has higher activity) * Catecholamines -Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine Thyroid Gland ------ -anterior neck -circular arrangement of epithelial cells surround thyroid follicle; no blood within follicle Synthesis of T3 and T4 in Thyroid Gland ------ -Uptake of I- from blood and transport thru epithelial cells of thyroid follicles into follicular lumen -Secretion of Thyroglobulin into follicular lumen -Oxidation of I- to I and incorporation into thyroid hormone molecules that are part of Thyroglobulin Storage of T3 and T4 in Thyroid Gland ------ -Thyroglobulin is the colloid in follicular lumen -Thyrogloblin = storage form of T3 and T4 Release of T3 and T4 from Thyroid Gland ------ -Endocytosis of thyroglobulin by thyroid follicular cells -Intracellular hydrolysis of thyroglobulin, which yields 3 thyroid hormone molecules -Release of T4 and T3 into blood (most is T4) Transport of T4 and T3 in Blood ------ -Binding to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) -Most T3 and T4 in blood are in bound form -Only free form is active (can be taken into target) *T3 and T4 - nonpolar so can bind to TBG Intracellular Actions of T4 and T3 in Target Cells ------ -Carrier-mediated uptake of T3 and T4 into target cells -T4 converted to T3 by intracellular deiodinase -T3 enters nucleus and binds to thyroid hormone receptors -Hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor Actions of Thyroid Hormone on Target Tissues ------ -Target tissues = all tissues in body, except RBCs (no nucleus) Actions: - stimulation of MR (calorigenic effect) -increased activity of Na/K-ATPase -Permissive for catecholamine effects (permissive = presence of one hormone is necessary for action of another)- upregulation of beta adrenergic receptors -Tissue growth- synthesis and growth-promoting actions of growth hormone from ant pit. -Nervous system development and function- fetal brain dev and postnatal nervous system func (reflex, cognition) Symptoms of Hypothyroidism ------ -Low BMR -Cold intolerance -Weight gain -Lethargy -Slow reflexes Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism ------ -High BMR -Heat intolerance -Weight loss -Hyperactivity -Rapid reflexes Catecholamines ------ Sources: Adrenal medulla- norepinephrine (20%) and epinephrine (80%) Hypothalamus- dopamine -Transported thru circulation w/o binding protein - very water soluble Catecholamine Receptors ------ Types: -Adrenergic- NE and Epi -Dopaminergic- Dop Location: plasma membrane Receptors: act as ion channels, enzymes, or allosteric activation of G proteins Actions of NE and Epi ------ Heart: stim HR and force of contraction (CO, BP) Vascular smooth muscle: stimulates contraction and/or relaxation (BP) Liver and skeletal muscle: carb metabolism (stim glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (blood glucose)) Adipose tissue: fat metabolism (stim lipolysis (energy, blood glucose)) Pancreatic islets: hormone secretion (inhibit insulin sec, stim glucagon secretion) Actions of Dopamine ------ Ant Pit Gland: inhibits prolaction secretion Snthesis of proteins ------ Preprohormone Prohormone Hormone Hormone Protein/Peptide hormones ------ -Most hormones -Hypothalamus: most -Post and Ant Pit: all -GI system: all -Pancreas: important ones for metabolism Protein/Peptide Receptors ------ -Many types -Location: plasma membranes (polar) -Receptors: act as ion channels, enzymes, or allosteric activation of G proteins Steroid Hormones ------ -derived from cholesterol -highly nonpolar --> not stored Adrenal Gland ------ Medulla = inner Cortex = outer 1. Zona Glomerulosa- aldosterone 2. Zona Fasiculata- cortisol, androgens 3. Zona Reticularis- Epi and NE Major Steroid Hormones of Adrenal Cortex ------ 1. Corticosterone 2. Aldosterone 3. Cholesterol 4. Cortisol 5. Androgens = Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androsternedione Types of Adrenocortical Steroids ------ 1. Mineralcorticoids -Actions on renal handling of minerals (Na and K) -Aldosterone and Corticosterone 2. Glucocorticoids -Actions on carb metabolism -Actions in stress responses -Cortisol and Corticosterone 3. Androgens -Actions similar to those of testosterone, but weaker -Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -Androstenedione (ASD) Transport of Adrenal Corticosteroids in Blood ------ -Binding to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) -Most in blood are bound -Only free form are active Intracellular Actions of Adrenal Corticosteroids in Target Cells ------ -Diffuse into target cells -Receptors for corticosteroids are intracellular -Hormone-receptor complexes act as transcription factors Actions of Normal Basal Concentrations of Cortisol on Target Tissues ------ -Permissive for catecholamine actions on vascular smooth muscle (bp) -Permissive for enzyme levels that mediate gluconeogenesis (liver) and lipolysis (adipose) -Permissive for normal fetal and neonatal dev Actions of Stress Levels (Inc conc) of Cortisol on Target Tissues ------ -Enhanced vascular reactivity to catecholamines (bp) -Enhanced actions on metabolism to provide extra fuel sources and to maintain blood glucose: inc. protein catabolism. gluconeogensis, lipolysis dec. glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue Gonadal Steroid Hormones ------ Males: Androgens Testosterone Females: Estrogens Estradiol Progesterone *estrogen is generic term that included estrone, estradiol, etic. Males ------ Testes = testosterone Female ------ Ovaries = predominant steroid varies w/ phase of menstrual cycle Follicular phase (1st 2 wks) = Estradiol Luteal phase (2nd 2 wks) = Progesterone Transport of Gondal Steroids in Blood ------ -Binding to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) -Most are bound form -Free form is active Intracellular Actions of Gonadal Steroids on Target Tissues ------ -Diffuse into target cells -Location = intracellular -Hormone-receptor complexes act as transcription factors Conversion of Gonadal Steroids to Active Forms in Some Target Cells in Male ------ Testosterone -> 5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone Testosterone -> Estradiol Mechanism of Action of Hormones with Intracelullular Receptors ------ -Free hormone diffuses through cell (nonpolar) -Receptors in nucleus -Function as transcription factor Mechanism of Action of Hormones with Plasma Membrane Receptors ------ -Polar -Receptors on plasma membranes Regulation of Hormone Receptors ------ -By natural hormonal ligands: up and down reg -By other hormones: permissive effects, whereby presence of one hormone is necessary for action of another hormone Permissive Action of Thyroid Hormone on Epinephrine-Induced Lipolysis ------ Thyroid hormone = little effect Epinephrine = min effect TH and Epi = large effect
Side A ------ Side B Endocrine System ------ -Endocrine glands (ductless) secrete hormones Hormones ------ intercellular chemical messengers that are secreted into the blood and each target cells thru circulation Chemical classes of hormones ------ 1. Amines 2. Proteins and Peptides 3. Steroids Amines ------ -derivative of tyrosine * Thyroid Hormones -T3 and T4 (secretes more T4, but T3 has higher activity) * Catecholamines -Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine Thyroid Gland ------ -anterior neck -circular arrangement of epithelial cells surround thyroid follicle; no blood within follicle Synthesis of T3 and T4 in Thyroid Gland ------ -Uptake of I- from blood and transport thru epithelial cells of thyroid follicles into follicular lumen -Secretion of Thyroglobulin into follicular lumen -Oxidation of I- to I and incorporation into thyroid hormone molecules that are part of Thyroglobulin Storage of T3 and T4 in Thyroid Gland ------ -Thyroglobulin is the colloid in follicular lumen -Thyrogloblin = storage form of T3 and T4 Release of T3 and T4 from Thyroid Gland ------ -Endocytosis of thyroglobulin by thyroid follicular cells -Intracellular hydrolysis of thyroglobulin, which yields 3 thyroid hormone molecules -Release of T4 and T3 into blood (most is T4) Transport of T4 and T3 in Blood ------ -Binding to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) -Most T3 and T4 in blood are in bound form -Only free form is active (can be taken into target) *T3 and T4 - nonpolar so can bind to TBG Intracellular Actions of T4 and T3 in Target Cells ------ -Carrier-mediated uptake of T3 and T4 into target cells -T4 converted to T3 by intracellular deiodinase -T3 enters nucleus and binds to thyroid hormone receptors -Hormone-receptor complex acts as transcription factor Actions of Thyroid Hormone on Target Tissues ------ -Target tissues = all tissues in body, except RBCs (no nucleus) Actions: - stimulation of MR (calorigenic effect) -increased activity of Na/K-ATPase -Permissive for catecholamine effects (permissive = presence of one hormone is necessary for action of another)- upregulation of beta adrenergic receptors -Tissue growth- synthesis and growth-promoting actions of growth hormone from ant pit. -Nervous system development and function- fetal brain dev and postnatal nervous system func (reflex, cognition) Symptoms of Hypothyroidism ------ -Low BMR -Cold intolerance -Weight gain -Lethargy -Slow reflexes Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism ------ -High BMR -Heat intolerance -Weight loss -Hyperactivity -Rapid reflexes Catecholamines ------ Sources: Adrenal medulla- norepinephrine (20%) and epinephrine (80%) Hypothalamus- dopamine -Transported thru circulation w/o binding protein - very water soluble Catecholamine Receptors ------ Types: -Adrenergic- NE and Epi -Dopaminergic- Dop Location: plasma membrane Receptors: act as ion channels, enzymes, or allosteric activation of G proteins Actions of NE and Epi ------ Heart: stim HR and force of contraction (CO, BP) Vascular smooth muscle: stimulates contraction and/or relaxation (BP) Liver and skeletal muscle: carb metabolism (stim glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis (blood glucose)) Adipose tissue: fat metabolism (stim lipolysis (energy, blood glucose)) Pancreatic islets: hormone secretion (inhibit insulin sec, stim glucagon secretion) Actions of Dopamine ------ Ant Pit Gland: inhibits prolaction secretion Snthesis of proteins ------ Preprohormone Prohormone Hormone Hormone Protein/Peptide hormones ------ -Most hormones -Hypothalamus: most -Post and Ant Pit: all -GI system: all -Pancreas: important ones for metabolism Protein/Peptide Receptors ------ -Many types -Location: plasma membranes (polar) -Receptors: act as ion channels, enzymes, or allosteric activation of G proteins Steroid Hormones ------ -derived from cholesterol -highly nonpolar --> not stored Adrenal Gland ------ Medulla = inner Cortex = outer 1. Zona Glomerulosa- aldosterone 2. Zona Fasiculata- cortisol, androgens 3. Zona Reticularis- Epi and NE Major Steroid Hormones of Adrenal Cortex ------ 1. Corticosterone 2. Aldosterone 3. Cholesterol 4. Cortisol 5. Androgens = Dehydroepiandrosterone and Androsternedione Types of Adrenocortical Steroids ------ 1. Mineralcorticoids -Actions on renal handling of minerals (Na and K) -Aldosterone and Corticosterone 2. Glucocorticoids -Actions on carb metabolism -Actions in stress responses -Cortisol and Corticosterone 3. Androgens -Actions similar to those of testosterone, but weaker -Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) -Androstenedione (ASD) Transport of Adrenal Corticosteroids in Blood ------ -Binding to corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) -Most in blood are bound -Only free form are active Intracellular Actions of Adrenal Corticosteroids in Target Cells ------ -Diffuse into target cells -Receptors for corticosteroids are intracellular -Hormone-receptor complexes act as transcription factors Actions of Normal Basal Concentrations of Cortisol on Target Tissues ------ -Permissive for catecholamine actions on vascular smooth muscle (bp) -Permissive for enzyme levels that mediate gluconeogenesis (liver) and lipolysis (adipose) -Permissive for normal fetal and neonatal dev Actions of Stress Levels (Inc conc) of Cortisol on Target Tissues ------ -Enhanced vascular reactivity to catecholamines (bp) -Enhanced actions on metabolism to provide extra fuel sources and to maintain blood glucose: inc. protein catabolism. gluconeogensis, lipolysis dec. glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and adipose tissue Gonadal Steroid Hormones ------ Males: Androgens Testosterone Females: Estrogens Estradiol Progesterone *estrogen is generic term that included estrone, estradiol, etic. Males ------ Testes = testosterone Female ------ Ovaries = predominant steroid varies w/ phase of menstrual cycle Follicular phase (1st 2 wks) = Estradiol Luteal phase (2nd 2 wks) = Progesterone Transport of Gondal Steroids in Blood ------ -Binding to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) -Most are bound form -Free form is active Intracellular Actions of Gonadal Steroids on Target Tissues ------ -Diffuse into target cells -Location = intracellular -Hormone-receptor complexes act as transcription factors Conversion of Gonadal Steroids to Active Forms in Some Target Cells in Male ------ Testosterone -> 5-alpha-Dihydrotestosterone Testosterone -> Estradiol Mechanism of Action of Hormones with Intracelullular Receptors ------ -Free hormone diffuses through cell (nonpolar) -Receptors in nucleus -Function as transcription factor Mechanism of Action of Hormones with Plasma Membrane Receptors ------ -Polar -Receptors on plasma membranes Regulation of Hormone Receptors ------ -By natural hormonal ligands: up and down reg -By other hormones: permissive effects, whereby presence of one hormone is necessary for action of another hormone Permissive Action of Thyroid Hormone on Epinephrine-Induced Lipolysis ------ Thyroid hormone = little effect Epinephrine = min effect TH and Epi = large effect
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