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Side A ------ Side B
articulations ------ joints where two bones interconnect
List the 4 classifications of joints. ------ 1. Range of motion 2. Synarthrosis 3. Amphiarthrosis 4. Diarthrosis or synovial joint 

Synarthrosis ------ immovable joints
Type of synarthritic joints. ------ Sutures, gomphosis (teeth), synchondrosis (bones tightly fused with cartilage), synostosis (bones fused with bones)
Amphiarthrosis ------ slightly moveable (amphi - both, amphibians, slightly land and water)
Types of amphiarthritic joints ------ Syndesmosis (bones joined by ligament) and symphysis (pubic symphysis)
Diarthrosis ------ freely moveable joints
Type of diarthritic joint ------ Synovial joint (shoulder, phalanges)
Diarthrosis constains ________ fluid, which fills the joint. ------ synovial = Synovial joint is a type of diarthritic joint, so diarthrosis contains synovial fluid
Excess synovial fluid is calls what? ------ water on the knee
Three types of "axial" diarthritic joints ------ monaxial, biaxial, triaxial - mon, bi, and tri describe the number of planes they move on
Synovial fluid ------ resembles interstitial fluid, thick, viscous solution
Functions of synovial fluid ------ Lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
Accessory structures of joint ------ meniscus, fat pads, ligaments, tendons
Factors that stabilize joints (discussion question) ------ The greater the range of motion of a joint, the weaker it becomes; Strongest joints permit no movement

Factors responsible FOR stablizing joints (discussion question) ------ 1. Presence of collagen fibers 2. The shapes of the articulating surfaces  3. The presence of other bones 4. Tension in tendons
Patterns of stabilizing structures varies amoung joints ------ Elbow, dislocation, subluxation
Dislocation ------ displacement of a body part
Subluxation ------ a partial dislocation or misalignment
Flexion ------ bending, decrease angle
Extension ------ extending, straightening, increase angle
Hyperextension ------ the extension of a part of the body beyond normal limits - tendons or ligaments can tear
Adduction (DD) ------ To draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb
(ADD inward)
Abduction (BD) ------ To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb
(AB away)
Circumduction ------ Spin around - The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc
Supination ------ rotation of the hand or forearm so that the palmar surface is facing upward (SUP=UP)
Protation ------ rotation of the hand or forearm so that the surface of the palm is facing downward or toward the back 
Injury to ligaments ------ Sprain (g - p) = hyperextended, torn ligament
Injury to muscles and tendons ------ Strain (St - tendons) = microtears
Eversion ------ a turning or being turned outward or inside out (eversion of eyelid)

Inversion ------ the turning inward of a part, as the foot
Dorsiflexion ------ flexion toward the back; especially : flexion of the foot in an upward direction
Plantar flexion ------ movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole
Opposition ------ A characteristic movement of the primate thumb, in which the pad of the thumb can be placed in contact with the pads of the fingers of the same hand (opposable thumb)
Retraction ------ an act or instance of retracting (draw back or in); specifically : backward or inward movement of an organ or part (retractable claws)
Protraction ------ the act of moving an anatomical part forward  : the state of being protracted; especially : protrusion of the jaws 
Depression ------ a displacement downward or inward  
Elevation ------ move or raise to a higher place or position; lift up (shoulders)
Lateral flexion ------ Flexion in the direction away from, or farther from, a midline (tilt head side to side)
List the classifications of synovial joints ------ Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball and socket
Gliding joint ------ Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial
Ex.: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints/ Vertebrocostal joints
Hinge joint ------ Movement: Monaxial
Ex: Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Pivot joint ------ Movement: monaxial (rotation)
Ex: atlas/axis, proximal radioulnar joint
Ellipsoidal joint ------ Movement: biaxial
Ex: radiocarpal joint
Saddle joint ------ Movement: biaxial
Ex: First carpometacarpal joint
Ball and socket joint ------ Movement: triaxial
Ex: shoulder and hip joint
Intervertebral articulation ------ Articulations between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae are gliding joints 

What are the movements that can occur across the intervertebral joints of the vertebral column? ------ Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Which joint permits the greatest range of motion? ------ Shoulder joint (ball and socket joint)
Describe the elbow joint. ------ Complex hinge joint, works like a door hinge
Why is the elbow joint stable? ------ 1. Bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock 2. Articular capsule is very thick 3. Capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments

Describe the hip joint. ------ 1. Sturdy ball and socket joint 2. Capable of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation 3. Very stable joint

Describe the knee joint. ------ 1. Transfers weight from the femur to the tibia 2. Hinge joint 3. Permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation

Rheumatism
(Aging and articulations) ------ any disorder of the extremities or back, characterized by pain and stiffness
Arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ acute or chronic inflammation of a joint, often accompanied by pain and structural changes and having diverse causes, as infection, or injury
Osteoarthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ the most common form of arthritis, marked by chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling
Rheumatoid arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ a chronic autoimmune DISEASE characterized by inflammation of the joints, frequently accompanied by marked deformities
Gouty arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism
meniscus ------ a disk of cartilage between the articulating ends of the bones in a joint

Side A ------ Side B
articulations ------ joints where two bones interconnect
List the 4 classifications of joints. ------ 1. Range of motion 2. Synarthrosis 3. Amphiarthrosis 4. Diarthrosis or synovial joint

Synarthrosis ------ immovable joints
Type of synarthritic joints. ------ Sutures, gomphosis (teeth), synchondrosis (bones tightly fused with cartilage), synostosis (bones fused with bones)
Amphiarthrosis ------ slightly moveable (amphi - both, amphibians, slightly land and water)
Types of amphiarthritic joints ------ Syndesmosis (bones joined by ligament) and symphysis (pubic symphysis)
Diarthrosis ------ freely moveable joints
Type of diarthritic joint ------ Synovial joint (shoulder, phalanges)
Diarthrosis constains ________ fluid, which fills the joint. ------ synovial = Synovial joint is a type of diarthritic joint, so diarthrosis contains synovial fluid
Excess synovial fluid is calls what? ------ water on the knee
Three types of "axial" diarthritic joints ------ monaxial, biaxial, triaxial - mon, bi, and tri describe the number of planes they move on
Synovial fluid ------ resembles interstitial fluid, thick, viscous solution
Functions of synovial fluid ------ Lubrication, nutrient distribution, shock absorption
Accessory structures of joint ------ meniscus, fat pads, ligaments, tendons
Factors that stabilize joints (discussion question) ------ The greater the range of motion of a joint, the weaker it becomes; Strongest joints permit no movement

Factors responsible FOR stablizing joints (discussion question) ------ 1. Presence of collagen fibers 2. The shapes of the articulating surfaces  3. The presence of other bones 4. Tension in tendons
Patterns of stabilizing structures varies amoung joints ------ Elbow, dislocation, subluxation
Dislocation ------ displacement of a body part
Subluxation ------ a partial dislocation or misalignment
Flexion ------ bending, decrease angle
Extension ------ extending, straightening, increase angle
Hyperextension ------ the extension of a part of the body beyond normal limits - tendons or ligaments can tear
Adduction (DD) ------ To draw inward toward the median axis of the body or toward an adjacent part or limb
(ADD inward)
Abduction (BD) ------ To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb
(AB away)
Circumduction ------ Spin around - The circular movement of a limb such that the distal end of the limb delineates an arc
Supination ------ rotation of the hand or forearm so that the palmar surface is facing upward (SUP=UP)
Protation ------ rotation of the hand or forearm so that the surface of the palm is facing downward or toward the back 
Injury to ligaments ------ Sprain (g - p) = hyperextended, torn ligament
Injury to muscles and tendons ------ Strain (St - tendons) = microtears
Eversion ------ a turning or being turned outward or inside out (eversion of eyelid)

Inversion ------ the turning inward of a part, as the foot
Dorsiflexion ------ flexion toward the back; especially : flexion of the foot in an upward direction
Plantar flexion ------ movement of the foot that flexes the foot or toes downward toward the sole
Opposition ------ A characteristic movement of the primate thumb, in which the pad of the thumb can be placed in contact with the pads of the fingers of the same hand (opposable thumb)
Retraction ------ an act or instance of retracting (draw back or in); specifically : backward or inward movement of an organ or part (retractable claws)
Protraction ------ the act of moving an anatomical part forward  : the state of being protracted; especially : protrusion of the jaws 
Depression ------ a displacement downward or inward  
Elevation ------ move or raise to a higher place or position; lift up (shoulders)
Lateral flexion ------ Flexion in the direction away from, or farther from, a midline (tilt head side to side)
List the classifications of synovial joints ------ Gliding, hinge, pivot, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball and socket
Gliding joint ------ Movement: slight nonaxial or multiaxial
Ex.: Acromioclavicular and claviculosternal joints/ Vertebrocostal joints
Hinge joint ------ Movement: Monaxial
Ex: Elbow, knee, ankle, interphalangeal joints
Pivot joint ------ Movement: monaxial (rotation)
Ex: atlas/axis, proximal radioulnar joint
Ellipsoidal joint ------ Movement: biaxial
Ex: radiocarpal joint
Saddle joint ------ Movement: biaxial
Ex: First carpometacarpal joint
Ball and socket joint ------ Movement: triaxial
Ex: shoulder and hip joint
Intervertebral articulation ------ Articulations between superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae are gliding joints

What are the movements that can occur across the intervertebral joints of the vertebral column? ------ Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Which joint permits the greatest range of motion? ------ Shoulder joint (ball and socket joint)
Describe the elbow joint. ------ Complex hinge joint, works like a door hinge
Why is the elbow joint stable? ------ 1. Bony surfaces of the humerus and ulna interlock 2. Articular capsule is very thick 3. Capsule is reinforced by strong ligaments

Describe the hip joint. ------ 1. Sturdy ball and socket joint 2. Capable of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, circumduction, and rotation 3. Very stable joint

Describe the knee joint. ------ 1. Transfers weight from the femur to the tibia 2. Hinge joint 3. Permits flexion, extension, and limited rotation

Rheumatism
(Aging and articulations) ------ any disorder of the extremities or back, characterized by pain and stiffness
Arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ acute or chronic inflammation of a joint, often accompanied by pain and structural changes and having diverse causes, as infection, or injury
Osteoarthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ the most common form of arthritis, marked by chronic breakdown of cartilage in the joints leading to pain, stiffness, and swelling
Rheumatoid arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ a chronic autoimmune DISEASE characterized by inflammation of the joints, frequently accompanied by marked deformities
Gouty arthritis
(Aging and articulations) ------ a painful inflammation of the big toe and foot caused by defects in uric acid metabolism
meniscus ------ a disk of cartilage between the articulating ends of the bones in a joint