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Side A ------ Side B
gastrointestinal system ------ (GI) digestive system, consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract
GI tract ------ extends from the mouth to the anus1. mouth2. pharynx (throat)3. esophagus4. stomach5. small intestine6. large intestine7. rectum8. anus
digestive system ------ included are the accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
oral cavity ------ mouth
bolus ------ food is broken down mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) and the formed into a mass of food ready to be swallowed
teeth ------ mechanically break down food (mastication)
dentin ------ the main structure of the took covered by a hard enamel
pulp ------ contains nerves and blood vessels
gingiva ------ fleshy tissue known as gums
deglutition ------ tongue pushes food into the mouth for swallowing
two structures that form the roof of the mouth ------ hard palate (anterior portion), and soft palate (posterior portion)
pharynx ------ lowest portion divides into two tubes known as the trachea and esophogus
trachea ------ tube that leads to the lungs
esophogus ------ tube that leads to the stomach
epiglottis ------ small flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing
duodenum ------ stomach extends from the esophagus to the first part of the small intestine
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter ------ composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach, prevents stomach contents fron regurgitating back into the esophogus
stomach produces... ------ digestive glands produce hyrdrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes
chyme ------ stomach turns the bolus into a semiliquid form 
pyloric sphincter ------ regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits back-flow
peristalsis ------ rhythmic muscle contractions
small intestine ------ 1. duodenum (10 inches)2. jejunum (8 feet)3. ileum (12 feet)
pancreas and liver ------  with the help of additional enzymes, digestion is completed in the small intestine
villi ------ nutrients are absorbed through these finger-like projections
large intestine (colon) ------ begins at the end of the ileum and extends through the anus, it absorbs water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
accessory organs of digestion ------ liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play a vital role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
liver ------ produces bile and removes glucose to turn it into glycogen and detoxifies. all blood leaving digestive tract goes to liver before any other part of the body*
bile ------ stored in the gallbladder and used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats
glucose ------ (sugar) removed from blood to synthesize glycogen (starch)
glycogen ------ (starch) retained for later use and is the storage form of glucose
detoxifying ------ liver detoxifies by transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood
endocrine gland ------ as a gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
exocrine gland ------ pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum
gallbladder ------ saclike structure that serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver
common bile duct ------ when bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder is released into the duodenum through this duct
or/o ------ mouth
stomat/o ------ mouth
gloss/o ------ tongue
lingu/o ------ tongue
bucc/o ------ cheeck
cheil/o ------ lip
labi/o ------ lip
dent/o ------ teeth
odont/o ------ teeth
gingiv/o ------ gums
sail/o ------ saliva, salivary glands
esophag/o ------ esophagus
pharyng/o ------ pharynx (throat)
gastr/o ------ stomach
pylor/o ------ pylorus
duoden/o ------ duodenum (first part of small intestine
enter/o ------ intestine (usually small intestine)
jejun/o ------ jejunum
ile/o ------ ileum
append/o ------ appendix
appendic/o ------ appendix
col/o ------ colon
colon/o ------ colon
rect/o ------ anus
proct/o ------ anus, rectum
an/o ------ anus
hepat/o ------ liver
pancreat/o ------ pancreas
chol/e ------ bile, gall
cholecyst/o ------ gallballder
-orexia ------ appetite
-pepsia ------ digestion
-prandial ------ meal
asymptomatic ------ without symptoms
gastroenterology ------ concerned with digestive diseases
ulcer ------ circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes within the body
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) ------ develops in the parts of the GI tract at are exposed
Helicobacter pylori ------ leading cause of PUD, antibiotics are used to treat PUD
exacerbate ------ intensify
ulcerative colitis ------ chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum
hernia ------ protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure
inguinal hernia ------ develops in the groin 
strangulated hernia ------ when blood supply to hernia is cut off, necrosis with gangrene may occur
diaphragmatic hernia ------ congenital disorder
hiatal hernia ------ lower part of the esophagus and top of stomach slides through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm 
gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) ------ back-flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle
hemorrhoids ------ enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal from straining during bowl movements, pregnancy, and standing for sitting for long periods
hepatitis ------ inflammatory condition of the liver
parenteral ------ when the cause of hepatitis A is transmitted through routes other than the mouth
jaundice, icterus ------ yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes
diverticulosis ------ condition in which small blisters develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall
diverticulitis ------ inflamed blisters in the large intestine
anorexia ------ lack or loss of appetite
appendicitis ------ inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
cachexia ------ physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
cholelithiasis ------ presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
cirrhosis ------ scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
colic ------ spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Crohn disease ------ chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
dysentery ------ inflammation of the intestine due to contaminated water
dyspepsia ------ epigastric discomfort felt after eating (indigestion)
dysphagia ------ inability or difficulty in swallowing (aphagia)
halitosis ------ offensive, or "bad" breath
hematemesis ------ vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) ------ abdominal pain and altered bowl function, usually women have this, also called spastic colon
obesity ------ excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body's skeletal and physical standards
peristalsis ------ progressive, wavelike movements that occur involuntary
regurgitation ------ backward flowing
steatorrhea ------ passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
upper GI ------ endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy)
lower GI ------ endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)
liver function tests (LFTs) ------ group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract
barium enema (BE) ------ radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
barium swallow ------ radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate
nasogastric intubation ------ instill medication, food, or fluids
bariatric surgery ------ group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue
colostomy ------ creation of an opening of a portion of colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
lithotripsy ------ procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
antacids ------ counteract of neutralize acidity
antiemetics ------ control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to vomiting center of the brain
laxatives ------ treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowl to induce defecation
GERD ------ gastroesophageal refulx disease
a.c. ------ before meals
b.i.d. ------ twice a day
hs ------ half strength
h.s.  ------ at bedtime
NPO, n.p.o ------ nothing by mouth
pc, p.c. ------ after meals
p.o. ------ by mouth
p.r.n. ------ as required
qAM ------ every morning
q.d. ------ every day
q.h. ------ every hour
q.2h. ------ every two hours
q.i.d. ------ four times a day
q.o.d. ------ every other day
qPM ------ every evening
t.i.d. ------ three times a day

Side A ------ Side B
gastrointestinal system ------ (GI) digestive system, consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract
GI tract ------ extends from the mouth to the anus1. mouth2. pharynx (throat)3. esophagus4. stomach5. small intestine6. large intestine7. rectum8. anus
digestive system ------ included are the accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
oral cavity ------ mouth
bolus ------ food is broken down mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) and the formed into a mass of food ready to be swallowed
teeth ------ mechanically break down food (mastication)
dentin ------ the main structure of the took covered by a hard enamel
pulp ------ contains nerves and blood vessels
gingiva ------ fleshy tissue known as gums
deglutition ------ tongue pushes food into the mouth for swallowing
two structures that form the roof of the mouth ------ hard palate (anterior portion), and soft palate (posterior portion)
pharynx ------ lowest portion divides into two tubes known as the trachea and esophogus
trachea ------ tube that leads to the lungs
esophogus ------ tube that leads to the stomach
epiglottis ------ small flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing
duodenum ------ stomach extends from the esophagus to the first part of the small intestine
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter ------ composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach, prevents stomach contents fron regurgitating back into the esophogus
stomach produces... ------ digestive glands produce hyrdrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes
chyme ------ stomach turns the bolus into a semiliquid form 
pyloric sphincter ------ regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits back-flow
peristalsis ------ rhythmic muscle contractions
small intestine ------ 1. duodenum (10 inches)2. jejunum (8 feet)3. ileum (12 feet)
pancreas and liver ------  with the help of additional enzymes, digestion is completed in the small intestine
villi ------ nutrients are absorbed through these finger-like projections
large intestine (colon) ------ begins at the end of the ileum and extends through the anus, it absorbs water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
accessory organs of digestion ------ liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play a vital role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
liver ------ produces bile and removes glucose to turn it into glycogen and detoxifies. all blood leaving digestive tract goes to liver before any other part of the body*
bile ------ stored in the gallbladder and used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats
glucose ------ (sugar) removed from blood to synthesize glycogen (starch)
glycogen ------ (starch) retained for later use and is the storage form of glucose
detoxifying ------ liver detoxifies by transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood
endocrine gland ------ as a gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
exocrine gland ------ pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum
gallbladder ------ saclike structure that serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver
common bile duct ------ when bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder is released into the duodenum through this duct
or/o ------ mouth
stomat/o ------ mouth
gloss/o ------ tongue
lingu/o ------ tongue
bucc/o ------ cheeck
cheil/o ------ lip
labi/o ------ lip
dent/o ------ teeth
odont/o ------ teeth
gingiv/o ------ gums
sail/o ------ saliva, salivary glands
esophag/o ------ esophagus
pharyng/o ------ pharynx (throat)
gastr/o ------ stomach
pylor/o ------ pylorus
duoden/o ------ duodenum (first part of small intestine
enter/o ------ intestine (usually small intestine)
jejun/o ------ jejunum
ile/o ------ ileum
append/o ------ appendix
appendic/o ------ appendix
col/o ------ colon
colon/o ------ colon
rect/o ------ anus
proct/o ------ anus, rectum
an/o ------ anus
hepat/o ------ liver
pancreat/o ------ pancreas
chol/e ------ bile, gall
cholecyst/o ------ gallballder
-orexia ------ appetite
-pepsia ------ digestion
-prandial ------ meal
asymptomatic ------ without symptoms
gastroenterology ------ concerned with digestive diseases
ulcer ------ circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes within the body
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) ------ develops in the parts of the GI tract at are exposed
Helicobacter pylori ------ leading cause of PUD, antibiotics are used to treat PUD
exacerbate ------ intensify
ulcerative colitis ------ chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum
hernia ------ protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure
inguinal hernia ------ develops in the groin 
strangulated hernia ------ when blood supply to hernia is cut off, necrosis with gangrene may occur
diaphragmatic hernia ------ congenital disorder
hiatal hernia ------ lower part of the esophagus and top of stomach slides through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm 
gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) ------ back-flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle
hemorrhoids ------ enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal from straining during bowl movements, pregnancy, and standing for sitting for long periods
hepatitis ------ inflammatory condition of the liver
parenteral ------ when the cause of hepatitis A is transmitted through routes other than the mouth
jaundice, icterus ------ yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes
diverticulosis ------ condition in which small blisters develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall
diverticulitis ------ inflamed blisters in the large intestine
anorexia ------ lack or loss of appetite
appendicitis ------ inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
cachexia ------ physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
cholelithiasis ------ presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
cirrhosis ------ scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
colic ------ spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Crohn disease ------ chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
dysentery ------ inflammation of the intestine due to contaminated water
dyspepsia ------ epigastric discomfort felt after eating (indigestion)
dysphagia ------ inability or difficulty in swallowing (aphagia)
halitosis ------ offensive, or "bad" breath
hematemesis ------ vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) ------ abdominal pain and altered bowl function, usually women have this, also called spastic colon
obesity ------ excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body's skeletal and physical standards
peristalsis ------ progressive, wavelike movements that occur involuntary
regurgitation ------ backward flowing
steatorrhea ------ passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
upper GI ------ endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy)
lower GI ------ endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)
liver function tests (LFTs) ------ group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract
barium enema (BE) ------ radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
barium swallow ------ radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate
nasogastric intubation ------ instill medication, food, or fluids
bariatric surgery ------ group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue
colostomy ------ creation of an opening of a portion of colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
lithotripsy ------ procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
antacids ------ counteract of neutralize acidity
antiemetics ------ control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to vomiting center of the brain
laxatives ------ treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowl to induce defecation
GERD ------ gastroesophageal refulx disease
a.c. ------ before meals
b.i.d. ------ twice a day
hs ------ half strength
h.s.  ------ at bedtime
NPO, n.p.o ------ nothing by mouth
pc, p.c. ------ after meals
p.o. ------ by mouth
p.r.n. ------ as required
qAM ------ every morning
q.d. ------ every day
q.h. ------ every hour
q.2h. ------ every two hours
q.i.d. ------ four times a day
q.o.d. ------ every other day
qPM ------ every evening
t.i.d. ------ three times a day