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Side A ------ Side B
Where is 98% of the body's neural tissue? ------ The brain.
cerebrum ------ the anterior and largest part of the brain, 
consisting of two halves or hemispheres
What do the paired cerebral hemispheres control? ------ Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory, and complex movement all originate in the cerebrum 
What are some landmarks of the cerebral cortex? ------ gyri, sulci, fissures
gyrus ------ a convolution
sulcus ------ a groove or fissure, esp. a fissure between two convolutions of the brain, shallower than fissure
fissure ------ a natural division or groove in an organ, as in the brain.
cerebellum ------ a large portion of the brain, in back of and below the cerebrum and consisting of two lateral lobes and a central lobe - btwn occ lobe and brain stem
What does the cerebellum do? ------ coordinate voluntary movements, posture, and balance
diencephalon ------ thalamus (right & left) and hypothalamus, the posterior section of the forebrain
What does the diencephalon contain? ------ relay and processing centers
hypothalamus ------ between the thalamus and midbrain
What does the hypothalamus do? ------ Controls emotions, autonomic function, hormone production, apetite, body temperature
What does the brain stem include? ------ Midbrain, pons (bridge), medulla oblongata
Midbrain ------ Has nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli
pons (bridge) ------ nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control
medulla oblongata ------ sensory information to the thalamus and other places, contains major centers that regulate autonomic functs (
What is the transitional area betweent he diencephalon and the spinal cord? ------ Midbrain
*Cerebrum ------ Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subcon. regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
*Thalamus ------ relay and precessing centers for sensory information
*Hypothalamus ------ Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
*Mesencephalon (middbrain) ------ processing of visual and auditory data, gerneration of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness
*Pons ------ relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
*Medulla oblongata ------ relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
*Cerebellum ------ coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
What are the ventricles of the brain? ------ Large lateral ventricle (1&2), diencephalon ventricle (3), and pons and cerebellum ventricle (4)
Central canal ------ center of the spinal cord, a continuation of the large ventricle
What are 1 & 2? ------ Large lateral ventricle - cerebrohemisphere ventricles full of CSF, runs into 3
What provides protection and support for the brain? ------ The cranial meninges
Cranial meninges ------ continuous with spinal meninges - cranial dura mater, arachnoid mater, pira mater
Cranial pia mater ------ contains blood vessles, brain tissue itself doesn't have blood
Functions of the cranial meninges 1: ------ Tough fibrous extensions of the dura mater celled dura folds act like safety belts that hold the brain in position.
Functions of the cranial meninges 2: ------ The cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space acts like an airbag that cusions against sudden jolts and shocks
Cerebrospinal Fluid & function ------ Surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS - Fuctions: Cushioning, supporting, transport nutrients, chem. messenger, waste products
What kind of chemicals does the CSF transport? ------ neurotransmitters and hormones
Circulation of CSF ------ Choroid plexus > ventricles > central canal of spinal cord > subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
Some areas of the CSF and blood supply are together so they can...? ------ exchange nutrients and wastes
How does the brain get its blood supply? ------ Major arteries (internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries) and internal jugular veins (main vein, drains brain)
Why is blood not in the TISSUE of the brain? ------ Blood brain barrier
blood brain barrier ------ neural tissure in the CNS is isolated due to astrocytes (support), tight juntions, only lipid-soluble compounds can diffuse
Why is transport across the BBB selective and directional? ------ neurotransmitter entry from the bloodstream could result in the uncontrolled stimulation of neurons throughout the brain
WBC aren't in the brain to act protect it so what does? ------ microglia
*Exception to BBB 1: ------ Portions of the hypothalamus – monitors temperature of blood
*Exception to BBB 2: ------ Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland – secrete hormones into the blood
*Exception to BBB 3: ------ Capillaries in the pineal gland – secrete melatonin
*Exception to BBB 4: ------ Capillaries at the choroid plexus – CFS gets rid of waste here
medulla oblongata ------ continuous with the spinal cord, communication center, coordinates autonomic reflexes, control visceral functions
The pons (bridge) ------ Links and controls 4 groups of components
1st component controlled by pons ------ sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
2nd component controlled by pons ------ nuclei involved with the control of respiration - triggered by the level of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood
3rd component controlled by pons ------ nuclei and tracts that process and relay information and heading to of from the cerebellum - pons right in front of cerebellum, motor information sent from cerebellum to pons to muscles
cerebellum ------ automatic processing center
2 primary functions of cerebellum ------ 1) adjusting the postural muscles of the body, muscle tone 2) programming and fine-tuning movements, atheletes build up nerve pathways
mesencephalon ------ midbrain, contains corpora quadrigemina - nuclei process visual and auditory sensations - ties them together and reflexes are involved
diencephalon ------ thal & hypo, conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands
Pineal gland (pineal body, epiphysis) ------ makes melatonin, biological clock
thalamus ------ final relay point for ascending sensory information, acts as a filter (tons of information, don't need to be conscious of of everything)
functions of hypothalamus ------ subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions, control autonomic function, production of emotions and behavioral drives, regulation of body temperature
Where does the fissure end? ------ at the top of the corpus collosum
corpus callosum ------ made of fibers (nervous tissue) two cerebrohemispheres communicate through here
What is the entire part of the brain with the gyri? ------ cerebrum, ends at corpus callosum = gray matter, diencephalon = white matter
Functions of limbic system ------ establish emotional states, links conscious with unconscious, facilitates memory storage and retrieval
amygdaloid body ------ interface btwn limbic system, cerebrum, and various sensory systems - ties in different systems
hippocampus ------ important in learning, especially in the sotrage and retrieval of new long term memories
What's the largest region of the brain? ------ cerebrum, contains gray and white matter
cerebral cortex ------ a blanket of neural cortex - most superficial, gyri, longitudinal fissure, corupus callosum, central sulcus
longitudinal fissure ------ seperates 2 hemispheres
central sulcus ------ divides the pregyrus and postgyrus
cerebral lobes ------ each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information, the 2 hemispheres have different functions, the assignment of a specific function to a specific region of the cerbral cortex is not exact
integrative centers ------ direct extremely complex motor activities, complex analytical functions, general interpretive area and the speech center
general interpretive area  ------ receives information from all the sensory association areas, personality may be related to how you interpret those senses, left hemisphere
the speech center ------ lies along the edge of the premotor cortex, regulates the patterns of breathing and vocalization
hemispheric lateralization ------ functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere, left hemisphere, right hemisphere, left/right brained
cranial nerves ------ PNS components, twelves pairs, number corresponds to position
Types of cranial nerves ------ sensory, special sensory, motor, mixed
olfactory nerves ------ I special sensory, sense of smell
optic nerves ------ II special sensory, eyes
oculomotor nerves ------ III motor nerves, innervates four of the six extra-ocular muscles
trochlear nerves ------ IV motor nerves, helps in looking down
abducens nerves ------ VI motor nerves, makes the eye look side to side
trigeminal nerves ------ V mixes, provides somatic sensory info from the head and face, has 3 branches: ophthalmic branch, maxillary branch, mandibular branch
facial nerves ------ VII mixed, provides deep pressure sensations, control the superficial muscles of the scalp and face, bells palsy effects cranial nerve VII
vestibulocochlear nerves ------ VIII special sensory, balance from inner ear and equilibrium, hearing from cochlea, provides sense of hearing
glossopharyngeal nerves ------ IX mixed to head and neck, innervate the tongue (speech) and pharynx (swallowing), provide taste sensations (sensory) muscles involved with swallowing
vagus nerves ------ X mixed, provide somatic sensory information about 6 things, controls breathing and heart rate
Vagus nerves provide somatic sensory info about: ------ external acoustic canal, diaphragm, pharyngeal taste receptors, esophagus, repiratory tract, abdominal viscera
accessory (spinal) nerves ------ XI motor to muscles of the neck and upper back, voluntary swallowing muscles, SCM and trapexius muscles
hypoglossal nerves ------ XII motor, tongue movements

Side A ------ Side B
Where is 98% of the body's neural tissue? ------ The brain.
cerebrum ------ the anterior and largest part of the brain, 
consisting of two halves or hemispheres
What do the paired cerebral hemispheres control? ------ Conscious thoughts, sensations, intellect, memory, and complex movement all originate in the cerebrum 
What are some landmarks of the cerebral cortex? ------ gyri, sulci, fissures
gyrus ------ a convolution
sulcus ------ a groove or fissure, esp. a fissure between two convolutions of the brain, shallower than fissure
fissure ------ a natural division or groove in an organ, as in the brain.
cerebellum ------ a large portion of the brain, in back of and below the cerebrum and consisting of two lateral lobes and a central lobe - btwn occ lobe and brain stem
What does the cerebellum do? ------ coordinate voluntary movements, posture, and balance
diencephalon ------ thalamus (right & left) and hypothalamus, the posterior section of the forebrain
What does the diencephalon contain? ------ relay and processing centers
hypothalamus ------ between the thalamus and midbrain
What does the hypothalamus do? ------ Controls emotions, autonomic function, hormone production, apetite, body temperature
What does the brain stem include? ------ Midbrain, pons (bridge), medulla oblongata
Midbrain ------ Has nuclei that process visual and auditory information and control reflexes triggered by these stimuli
pons (bridge) ------ nuclei involved with somatic and visceral motor control
medulla oblongata ------ sensory information to the thalamus and other places, contains major centers that regulate autonomic functs (
What is the transitional area betweent he diencephalon and the spinal cord? ------ Midbrain
*Cerebrum ------ Conscious thought processes, intellectual functions, memory storage and processing, conscious and subcon. regulation of skeletal muscle contractions
*Thalamus ------ relay and precessing centers for sensory information
*Hypothalamus ------ Centers controlling emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production
*Mesencephalon (middbrain) ------ processing of visual and auditory data, gerneration of reflexive somatic motor responses, maintenance of consciousness
*Pons ------ relays sensory information to cerebellum and thalamus, subconscious somatic and visceral motor centers
*Medulla oblongata ------ relays sensory information to thalamus and to other portions of the brain stem, autonomic centers for regulation of visceral function (cardiovascular, respiratory, and digestive system activities)
*Cerebellum ------ coordinates complex somatic motor patterns, adjusts output of other somatic motor centers in brain and spinal cord
What are the ventricles of the brain? ------ Large lateral ventricle (1&2), diencephalon ventricle (3), and pons and cerebellum ventricle (4)
Central canal ------ center of the spinal cord, a continuation of the large ventricle
What are 1 & 2? ------ Large lateral ventricle - cerebrohemisphere ventricles full of CSF, runs into 3
What provides protection and support for the brain? ------ The cranial meninges
Cranial meninges ------ continuous with spinal meninges - cranial dura mater, arachnoid mater, pira mater
Cranial pia mater ------ contains blood vessles, brain tissue itself doesn't have blood
Functions of the cranial meninges 1: ------ Tough fibrous extensions of the dura mater celled dura folds act like safety belts that hold the brain in position.
Functions of the cranial meninges 2: ------ The cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space acts like an airbag that cusions against sudden jolts and shocks
Cerebrospinal Fluid & function ------ Surrounds and bathes the exposed surfaces of the CNS - Fuctions: Cushioning, supporting, transport nutrients, chem. messenger, waste products
What kind of chemicals does the CSF transport? ------ neurotransmitters and hormones
Circulation of CSF ------ Choroid plexus > ventricles > central canal of spinal cord > subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord
Some areas of the CSF and blood supply are together so they can...? ------ exchange nutrients and wastes
How does the brain get its blood supply? ------ Major arteries (internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries) and internal jugular veins (main vein, drains brain)
Why is blood not in the TISSUE of the brain? ------ Blood brain barrier
blood brain barrier ------ neural tissure in the CNS is isolated due to astrocytes (support), tight juntions, only lipid-soluble compounds can diffuse
Why is transport across the BBB selective and directional? ------ neurotransmitter entry from the bloodstream could result in the uncontrolled stimulation of neurons throughout the brain
WBC aren't in the brain to act protect it so what does? ------ microglia
*Exception to BBB 1: ------ Portions of the hypothalamus – monitors temperature of blood
*Exception to BBB 2: ------ Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland – secrete hormones into the blood
*Exception to BBB 3: ------ Capillaries in the pineal gland – secrete melatonin
*Exception to BBB 4: ------ Capillaries at the choroid plexus – CFS gets rid of waste here
medulla oblongata ------ continuous with the spinal cord, communication center, coordinates autonomic reflexes, control visceral functions
The pons (bridge) ------ Links and controls 4 groups of components
1st component controlled by pons ------ sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves
2nd component controlled by pons ------ nuclei involved with the control of respiration - triggered by the level of CO2 (carbon dioxide) in blood
3rd component controlled by pons ------ nuclei and tracts that process and relay information and heading to of from the cerebellum - pons right in front of cerebellum, motor information sent from cerebellum to pons to muscles
cerebellum ------ automatic processing center
2 primary functions of cerebellum ------ 1) adjusting the postural muscles of the body, muscle tone 2) programming and fine-tuning movements, atheletes build up nerve pathways
mesencephalon ------ midbrain, contains corpora quadrigemina - nuclei process visual and auditory sensations - ties them together and reflexes are involved
diencephalon ------ thal & hypo, conscious and unconscious sensory information and motor commands
Pineal gland (pineal body, epiphysis) ------ makes melatonin, biological clock
thalamus ------ final relay point for ascending sensory information, acts as a filter (tons of information, don't need to be conscious of of everything)
functions of hypothalamus ------ subconscious control of skeletal muscle contractions, control autonomic function, production of emotions and behavioral drives, regulation of body temperature
Where does the fissure end? ------ at the top of the corpus collosum
corpus callosum ------ made of fibers (nervous tissue) two cerebrohemispheres communicate through here
What is the entire part of the brain with the gyri? ------ cerebrum, ends at corpus callosum = gray matter, diencephalon = white matter
Functions of limbic system ------ establish emotional states, links conscious with unconscious, facilitates memory storage and retrieval
amygdaloid body ------ interface btwn limbic system, cerebrum, and various sensory systems - ties in different systems
hippocampus ------ important in learning, especially in the sotrage and retrieval of new long term memories
What's the largest region of the brain? ------ cerebrum, contains gray and white matter
cerebral cortex ------ a blanket of neural cortex - most superficial, gyri, longitudinal fissure, corupus callosum, central sulcus
longitudinal fissure ------ seperates 2 hemispheres
central sulcus ------ divides the pregyrus and postgyrus
cerebral lobes ------ each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory information, the 2 hemispheres have different functions, the assignment of a specific function to a specific region of the cerbral cortex is not exact
integrative centers ------ direct extremely complex motor activities, complex analytical functions, general interpretive area and the speech center
general interpretive area  ------ receives information from all the sensory association areas, personality may be related to how you interpret those senses, left hemisphere
the speech center ------ lies along the edge of the premotor cortex, regulates the patterns of breathing and vocalization
hemispheric lateralization ------ functions that are not ordinarily performed by the opposite hemisphere, left hemisphere, right hemisphere, left/right brained
cranial nerves ------ PNS components, twelves pairs, number corresponds to position
Types of cranial nerves ------ sensory, special sensory, motor, mixed
olfactory nerves ------ I special sensory, sense of smell
optic nerves ------ II special sensory, eyes
oculomotor nerves ------ III motor nerves, innervates four of the six extra-ocular muscles
trochlear nerves ------ IV motor nerves, helps in looking down
abducens nerves ------ VI motor nerves, makes the eye look side to side
trigeminal nerves ------ V mixes, provides somatic sensory info from the head and face, has 3 branches: ophthalmic branch, maxillary branch, mandibular branch
facial nerves ------ VII mixed, provides deep pressure sensations, control the superficial muscles of the scalp and face, bells palsy effects cranial nerve VII
vestibulocochlear nerves ------ VIII special sensory, balance from inner ear and equilibrium, hearing from cochlea, provides sense of hearing
glossopharyngeal nerves ------ IX mixed to head and neck, innervate the tongue (speech) and pharynx (swallowing), provide taste sensations (sensory) muscles involved with swallowing
vagus nerves ------ X mixed, provide somatic sensory information about 6 things, controls breathing and heart rate
Vagus nerves provide somatic sensory info about: ------ external acoustic canal, diaphragm, pharyngeal taste receptors, esophagus, repiratory tract, abdominal viscera
accessory (spinal) nerves ------ XI motor to muscles of the neck and upper back, voluntary swallowing muscles, SCM and trapexius muscles
hypoglossal nerves ------ XII motor, tongue movements