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Various Cancer Medicine Oncology Flashcards
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Side A ------ Side B adjuvant therapy ------ Assisting primary treatment. alkylating agents ------ Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis. anaplasia ------ Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type. angiogenesis ------ Process of forming new blood vessels. antibiotics ------ Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. antimetabolites ------ Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA. antimitotics ------ Drugs that block mitosis (cell division). apoptosis ------ Programmed cell death. benign tumor ------ Noncancerous growth (neoplasm). biological response modifiers ------ Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. biological therapy ------ Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells. carcinogens ------ Agents that cause cancer; chermicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses. carcinoma ------ Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin. cellular oncogenes ------ Pieces of DNA that, when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant. chemotherapy ------ Treatment with drugs. combination chemotherapy ------ Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors. dedifferentiation ------ Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ------ Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis. differentiating agents ------ Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing and die. differentiation ------ Specialization of cells; unspecialized cells are modified and altered to form specific and characteristic types and functions. electron beams ------ Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors. encapsulated ------ Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated. external beam radiation ------ Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source. fields ------ Dimensions of the size of radiation used to treat a tumor from a specific angle. fractionation ------ Giving radiation in small, repeated doses. genetic screening ------ Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene. grading of tumors ------ Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation. gray (Gy) ------ Unit of absorbed radiation dose. gross description of tumors ------ Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating and verrucous tumors. infiltrative ------ Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries. invasive ------ Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue. irradiation ------ Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat or x-rays. linear accelerator ------ Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors. malignant tumor ------ Tending to become worse and result in death; having the characteristics of invasiveness, anaplasia and metastasis. mesenchymal ------ Embryonic connective tissue. metastasis ------ Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally, beyond control. microscopic description of tumors ------ Appearance of tumors when viewed under a mcroscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated. mitosis ------ Replication of cells; a stage in a cell's life cycle involving the dproduction of two identical cells from a parent cell. mixed-tissue tumors ------ Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue). modality ------ Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. molecularly targeted drugs ------ Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells. morbidity ------ Condition of being diseased; describing damage to normal tissues. mucinous ------ Containing mucus. mutation ------ Change in genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously. neoplasm ------ New growth; benign or malignant tumors. nuleotide ------ Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code. oncogene ------ Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or a viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene). palliative ------ Relieving but not curing symptoms. pedunculated ------ Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors. pharmacokinetics ------ Study of the distribution in and removal of drugs from the body over a period of time. photon therapy ------ Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays. protocol ------ Detailed plan for treatment of an illness. proton therapy ------ Subatomic particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit an absorbed dose of radiation at a focused finite point in the body. radiation ------ Energy carried by a stream of particles. radiocurable tumor ------ Tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy. radioresistant tumor ------ Tumor cells that require large doses of radiation therapy. radiosensitive tumor ------ Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue. radiotherapy ------ Treatment of tumors using radiation; radiation oncology. relapse ------ Return of symptoms of disease. remission ------ Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease. ribonucleic acid (RNA) ------ Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays an important role in protein synthesis. sarcoma ------ Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue. serous ------ Pertaining to a thin, watery fluid (serum). sessile ------ Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors. simulation ------ Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given. solid tumor ------ Tumor composed of a mass of cells. staging of tumors ------ System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. stereotactic radiosurgery ------ Doses of radiation delivered under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (gamma knife surgery) steroids ------ Complex, naturally occurring chemicals, such as hormones, that are used in cancer chemotherapy. surgical procedures to treat cancer ------ Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en block resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy. viral oncogenes ------ Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant. virus ------ An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself.
Side A ------ Side B adjuvant therapy ------ Assisting primary treatment. alkylating agents ------ Synthetic chemicals containing alkyl groups that interfere with DNA synthesis. anaplasia ------ Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive cell type. angiogenesis ------ Process of forming new blood vessels. antibiotics ------ Chemical substances, produced by bacteria or primitive plants. antimetabolites ------ Chemicals that prevent cell division by inhibiting formation of substances necessary to make DNA. antimitotics ------ Drugs that block mitosis (cell division). apoptosis ------ Programmed cell death. benign tumor ------ Noncancerous growth (neoplasm). biological response modifiers ------ Substances produced by normal cells that either directly block tumor growth or stimulate the immune system to fight cancer. biological therapy ------ Use of the body's own defenses to destroy tumor cells. carcinogens ------ Agents that cause cancer; chermicals and drugs, radiation, and viruses. carcinoma ------ Cancerous tumor made up of cells of epithelial origin. cellular oncogenes ------ Pieces of DNA that, when broken or dislocated, can cause a normal cell to become malignant. chemotherapy ------ Treatment with drugs. combination chemotherapy ------ Use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for the treatment of tumors. dedifferentiation ------ Loss of differentiation of cells; reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type; anaplasia or undifferentiation. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) ------ Genetic material within the nucleus of a cell; controls cell division and protein synthesis. differentiating agents ------ Drugs that promote tumor cells to differentiate, stop growing and die. differentiation ------ Specialization of cells; unspecialized cells are modified and altered to form specific and characteristic types and functions. electron beams ------ Low-energy beams of radiation for treatment of skin or surface tumors. encapsulated ------ Surrounded by a capsule; benign tumors are encapsulated. external beam radiation ------ Radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source. fields ------ Dimensions of the size of radiation used to treat a tumor from a specific angle. fractionation ------ Giving radiation in small, repeated doses. genetic screening ------ Family members are tested to determine whether they have inherited a cancer-causing gene. grading of tumors ------ Evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation. gray (Gy) ------ Unit of absorbed radiation dose. gross description of tumors ------ Visual appearance of tumors to the naked eye: cystic, fungating, inflammatory, medullary, necrotic, polypoid, ulcerating and verrucous tumors. infiltrative ------ Extending beyond normal tissue boundaries. invasive ------ Having the ability to enter and destroy surrounding tissue. irradiation ------ Exposure to any form of radiant energy such as light, heat or x-rays. linear accelerator ------ Large electronic device that produces high-energy x-ray beams for treatment of deep-seated tumors. malignant tumor ------ Tending to become worse and result in death; having the characteristics of invasiveness, anaplasia and metastasis. mesenchymal ------ Embryonic connective tissue. metastasis ------ Spread of a malignant tumor to a secondary site; literally, beyond control. microscopic description of tumors ------ Appearance of tumors when viewed under a mcroscope: alveolar, carcinoma in situ, diffuse, dysplastic, epidermoid, follicular, papillary, pleomorphic, scirrhous, undifferentiated. mitosis ------ Replication of cells; a stage in a cell's life cycle involving the dproduction of two identical cells from a parent cell. mixed-tissue tumors ------ Tumors composed of different types of tissue (epithelial as well as connective tissue). modality ------ Method of treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy or radiation. molecularly targeted drugs ------ Anticancer drugs designed to block the function of growth factors, their receptors and signaling pathways in specific tumor cells. morbidity ------ Condition of being diseased; describing damage to normal tissues. mucinous ------ Containing mucus. mutation ------ Change in genetic material (DNA) of a cell; may be caused by chemicals, radiation, or viruses or may occur spontaneously. neoplasm ------ New growth; benign or malignant tumors. nuleotide ------ Unit of DNA (gene) composed of a sugar, phosphate and a base. The sequence or arrangement of nucleotides on a gene is the genetic code. oncogene ------ Region of DNA in tumor cells (cellular oncogene) or a viruses that cause cancer (viral oncogene). palliative ------ Relieving but not curing symptoms. pedunculated ------ Possessing a stem or stalk (peduncle); characteristic of some polypoid tumors. pharmacokinetics ------ Study of the distribution in and removal of drugs from the body over a period of time. photon therapy ------ Radiation therapy using energy in the form of x-rays or gamma rays. protocol ------ Detailed plan for treatment of an illness. proton therapy ------ Subatomic particles (protons) produced by a cyclotron deposit an absorbed dose of radiation at a focused finite point in the body. radiation ------ Energy carried by a stream of particles. radiocurable tumor ------ Tumor cells that are destroyed by radiation therapy. radioresistant tumor ------ Tumor cells that require large doses of radiation therapy. radiosensitive tumor ------ Tumor in which radiation can cause the death of cells without serious damage to surrounding tissue. radiotherapy ------ Treatment of tumors using radiation; radiation oncology. relapse ------ Return of symptoms of disease. remission ------ Partial or complete disappearance of symptoms of disease. ribonucleic acid (RNA) ------ Cellular substance that, along with DNA, plays an important role in protein synthesis. sarcoma ------ Cancerous tumor derived from connective or flesh tissue. serous ------ Pertaining to a thin, watery fluid (serum). sessile ------ Having no stem; characteristic of some polypoid tumors. simulation ------ Study using CT scan or MRI to map treatment before RT is given. solid tumor ------ Tumor composed of a mass of cells. staging of tumors ------ System of evaluating the extent of spread of tumors. stereotactic radiosurgery ------ Doses of radiation delivered under stereotactic (highly precise) guidance (gamma knife surgery) steroids ------ Complex, naturally occurring chemicals, such as hormones, that are used in cancer chemotherapy. surgical procedures to treat cancer ------ Methods of removing cancerous tissue: cryosurgery, cauterization, en block resection, excisional biopsy, exenteration, fulguration, incisional biopsy. viral oncogenes ------ Pieces of DNA from viruses that infect a normal cell and cause it to become malignant. virus ------ An infectious agent that reproduces by entering a host cell and using the host's genetic material to make copies of itself.
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