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Side A ------ Side B
what is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation? ------ Both change 1 base in the sequence.But silent mutation changes the base but it is the same AAmissense mutation changes base and changes AA 
What is a nonsense mutation? ------ an early stop codon
What happens in a frameshift mutation? Why is this mutation the worst? ------ insertion or deletion of a base (other than a multiple of 3). It is the worst because if it happens near the start of the protein in can alter the whole one and make it non functional
what side is the 5' and 3'? How do you know? ------ 3' to 5'The AA chain is longer at the 3' end becasue that is the direction that the ribosome moves
What direction does the ribosome move? Along which strand? ------ mRNA from 5' --> 3'
what direction are proteins synthesized from? ------ N-terminus (amino group) to C-terminus (carboxyl group)
How is the ribosome set up? What happens at each site? ------ A site- attach of tRNA P site- peptide bond made and amion acid chain lengthensE site- tRNA exits 
What are the role of the activating enzymes? How many are there? ------ there are 20 enzymes that bring its specific amino acid to the tRNA based on its anti codon
How does the tRNA recognize where to bind to? ------ the codon and anti-codon interaction
When is the genetic code used? ------ only in translation
What are the 3 necessary components needed for translation? ------ tRNA, ribosome, enzymes
Why can't eukaryotes do translation at the same time as transcription? ------ It has to pass through a nuclear envelope and then get processed in cytoplasm before translation can occur
What happens during transcript processing? In what type of cell? ------ Eukaryotes.1. enzyme adds 5' cap2. splicing out introns3. addition of 3' poly-A tail
What part of the Holo enzyme binds to the DNA? Is a primer necessary? ------ the sigma protein no primer necessary
what are some differences between transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? ------ Prokaryotes- transcription and translation happen simultaneously. And there are multiple coding regions one one gene (many proteins can be made) Eukaryotes- only one coding region per gene. Has many proteins contacting promoter. needs to be processed
The complex of the sigma and RNA polymerase is called a ______ and is bound to the promoter region of the DNA. ------ Holo enzyme
How does the sigma factor function in bacterial transcription? ------ sigma binds to promoter region of the DNA and opens up the DNA to allow transcription to begin
Phenotype is expressed as ______ that are coded for by RNA ------ polypeptide
What was Beadles and Tatum's "One Gene- One enzyme" experiment? What would happen if enzyme C was knocked out? ------ If enzyme C was knocked out the mutants would only grow in the arginine solution
what is the central dogma of molecular biology? ------ DNA       --->      RNA           --->        protein     (transcription)            (translation)
Write down the AA chain given the anti sense: 5' CGGTTA GAC TGA AGG CTT CAT TGT 3' ------ mRNA: 5' ACA AUG AAG CCU UCA GUC UAA CCG 3' AA chain:             Met - Lys - Pro - Ser - Val
what are constitutive genes? ------ are essential at all times so they are always expressed
what is the difference between inducible and repressible regulation? give an example of each ------ inducible- automatically off (ex. lac operon) repressible- automatically on (ex. trp operon)
how does the presence of glucose affect the lac operon? ------ prevents the adenylyl cyclase from making cAMP. So the CAP-cAMP complex cant form, so the RNA polymerase cant bind fully
what is made in the following:lac Ilac Zlac Y ------ I- makes repressorZ- Beta galactocydaseY- makes lactose permemse (gets lactose past bilayer)
what is the frequency of transcription when:1. low lactose, high glucose2. high lactose, high glucose3. high lactose, low glucose ------ 1. no transcription2. infrequent transcription3. frequent transcription
what happens when tryptophan levels increase on the trp operon? ------ 
what type of regulation is happening when tryptophan is present? ------ post translational regulation
What is the most energy efficient type of gene expression regulation? The quickest to change expression? ------ Most efficient- transcriptional regulation quickest for changing expression- post translational
describe how each type of regulation works:transcriptionaltranslational post translational ------ transcriptional-Regulation of when transcription occurs translational-stops ribosomal subunits from forming together or ribosome binding to mRNA post translational- when the substance made in translation goes back and inhibits transcription
what would a repressor bind to on the operator of the DNA? ------ the nitrogen bases
how does footprinting work? ------ to see if the protein is bound to the DNA you destroy the DNA and see what is left (was protected by the protein) ex. acid raining down in class

Side A ------ Side B
what is the difference between a silent mutation and a missense mutation? ------ Both change 1 base in the sequence.But silent mutation changes the base but it is the same AAmissense mutation changes base and changes AA 
What is a nonsense mutation? ------ an early stop codon
What happens in a frameshift mutation? Why is this mutation the worst? ------ insertion or deletion of a base (other than a multiple of 3). It is the worst because if it happens near the start of the protein in can alter the whole one and make it non functional
what side is the 5' and 3'? How do you know? ------ 3' to 5'The AA chain is longer at the 3' end becasue that is the direction that the ribosome moves
What direction does the ribosome move? Along which strand? ------ mRNA from 5' --> 3'
what direction are proteins synthesized from? ------ N-terminus (amino group) to C-terminus (carboxyl group)
How is the ribosome set up? What happens at each site? ------ A site- attach of tRNA P site- peptide bond made and amion acid chain lengthensE site- tRNA exits 
What are the role of the activating enzymes? How many are there? ------ there are 20 enzymes that bring its specific amino acid to the tRNA based on its anti codon
How does the tRNA recognize where to bind to? ------ the codon and anti-codon interaction
When is the genetic code used? ------ only in translation
What are the 3 necessary components needed for translation? ------ tRNA, ribosome, enzymes
Why can't eukaryotes do translation at the same time as transcription? ------ It has to pass through a nuclear envelope and then get processed in cytoplasm before translation can occur
What happens during transcript processing? In what type of cell? ------ Eukaryotes.1. enzyme adds 5' cap2. splicing out introns3. addition of 3' poly-A tail
What part of the Holo enzyme binds to the DNA? Is a primer necessary? ------ the sigma protein no primer necessary
what are some differences between transcription of prokaryotes and eukaryotes? ------ Prokaryotes- transcription and translation happen simultaneously. And there are multiple coding regions one one gene (many proteins can be made) Eukaryotes- only one coding region per gene. Has many proteins contacting promoter. needs to be processed
The complex of the sigma and RNA polymerase is called a ______ and is bound to the promoter region of the DNA. ------ Holo enzyme
How does the sigma factor function in bacterial transcription? ------ sigma binds to promoter region of the DNA and opens up the DNA to allow transcription to begin
Phenotype is expressed as ______ that are coded for by RNA ------ polypeptide
What was Beadles and Tatum's "One Gene- One enzyme" experiment? What would happen if enzyme C was knocked out? ------ If enzyme C was knocked out the mutants would only grow in the arginine solution
what is the central dogma of molecular biology? ------ DNA       --->      RNA           --->        protein     (transcription)            (translation)
Write down the AA chain given the anti sense: 5' CGGTTA GAC TGA AGG CTT CAT TGT 3' ------ mRNA: 5' ACA AUG AAG CCU UCA GUC UAA CCG 3' AA chain:             Met - Lys - Pro - Ser - Val
what are constitutive genes? ------ are essential at all times so they are always expressed
what is the difference between inducible and repressible regulation? give an example of each ------ inducible- automatically off (ex. lac operon) repressible- automatically on (ex. trp operon)
how does the presence of glucose affect the lac operon? ------ prevents the adenylyl cyclase from making cAMP. So the CAP-cAMP complex cant form, so the RNA polymerase cant bind fully
what is made in the following:lac Ilac Zlac Y ------ I- makes repressorZ- Beta galactocydaseY- makes lactose permemse (gets lactose past bilayer)
what is the frequency of transcription when:1. low lactose, high glucose2. high lactose, high glucose3. high lactose, low glucose ------ 1. no transcription2. infrequent transcription3. frequent transcription
what happens when tryptophan levels increase on the trp operon? ------ 
what type of regulation is happening when tryptophan is present? ------ post translational regulation
What is the most energy efficient type of gene expression regulation? The quickest to change expression? ------ Most efficient- transcriptional regulation quickest for changing expression- post translational
describe how each type of regulation works:transcriptionaltranslational post translational ------ transcriptional-Regulation of when transcription occurs translational-stops ribosomal subunits from forming together or ribosome binding to mRNA post translational- when the substance made in translation goes back and inhibits transcription
what would a repressor bind to on the operator of the DNA? ------ the nitrogen bases
how does footprinting work? ------ to see if the protein is bound to the DNA you destroy the DNA and see what is left (was protected by the protein) ex. acid raining down in class