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Bio 263 Quiz 9 - Acid/Base Disorders
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Side A ------ Side B Types of acid/base imbalances ------ acidosis and alkalosis – both metabolic & respiratory definition of metabolic imbalance ------ change in amount of fixed acids or in bicarbonate levels examples of fixed acids ------ lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, ketoacids the volatile acid in the body is ------ carbonic acid carbonic acid is created through: ------ the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide, aka CO2 and water carbonic acid dissociates into: ------ hydrogen and bicarbonate ions carbonic acid's concentration can be altered via ------ respiration for every 20 carbonic acid molecules formed, the body saves: ------ 20 bicarbonate ions and 1 hydrogen ion; kidney excretes the rest fixed acids are termed fixed because: ------ they cannot be eliminated by changing respiration in metabolic acidosis, what happens: ------ pH decreases. Either acid increases or bicarbonate decreases. In metabolic alkalosis, what happens: ------ pH increases. Either acid decreases or bicarbonate increases. What does PaCO2 stand for? ------ Partial concentration/pressure of CO2 in arterial blood in respiratory imbalance: ------ change in PacCO2 cause of respiratory acidosis: ------ accumulation of carbonic acid due to too much CO2 In respiratory acidosis, what happens: ------ CO2 undergoes hydration; hydrogen is released from carbonic acid; pH decreases any condition causing _____ will cause respiratory acidosis ------ hypoventilation as CO2 is retained, it will undergo ______ to form ______. ------ hydration; carbonic acid. As carbonic acid is dissociated, ________ are released. ------ Hydrogen ions causes of respiratory acidosis – 4 ------ obstructive lung disease, neuromuscular weakness, damage to cervical spinal cord, depression of respiratory center due to drugs/damage respiratory center of the brain: ------ medulla & pons manifestations of respiratory acidosis - 8 ------ headache, decreased consciousness, disorientation, coma, ventricular arrhythmia, decreased cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, reduced blood flow to organs nervous system manifestations of resp acidosis occur because: ------ blood vessels dilate in response ventricular arrhythmia occurs with resp acidosis because: ------ electrical conduction and contractility are affected pulmonary hypertension with resp acidosis occurs because: ------ as ventilation decreases, capillary restriction increases cause of respiratory alkalosis: ------ loss of carbonic acid during hyperventilation causes excretion of CO2 and drop in pH in respiratory alkalosis, what happens: ------ free hydrogen will be tied up with water; pH increases causes of respiratory alkalosis/hyperventilation - 5 ------ anxiety, hypoxia, CNS disorders, pregnancy, fever respiratory and metabolic alkalosis causes ------ hypokalemia & hypocalcemia and vice versa manifestations of respiratory alkalosis - 9 ------ anxiety, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, coma, numbness/tingling, tetany, Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs (from hypocalcemia) hypocalcemia occurs in alkalosis because: ------ calcium takes the place of hydrogen ions for a respiratory problem, compensation and correction must: ------ employ a metabolic solution compensation for respiratory acidosis ------ combine excess acid with available body buffers; excretion of hydrogen & retention & production of bicarbonate via kidney compensation for respiratory alkalosis ------ combine excess base with available body buffers; hydrogen secretion will be stopped & bicarbonate ion will be excreted by the kidney general etiology of metabolic acidosis ------ loss of bicarbonate ion or accumulation of non-volatile acid specific causes of metabolic acidosis - 7 ------ renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, decompensated shock (lactic acid), diarrhea, bilious vomiting, poisoning, starvation renal failure causes acidosis because: ------ normal secretion of hydrogen and reabsorption of bicarbonate ion doesn't happen poisons that cause acidosis: 4 ------ antifreeze, aspirin, methanol, iron salts manifestations of metabolic acidosis ------ deep/rapid respiration, acetone breath, decreased LOC, disorientation, coma, ventricular arrhythmia ventricular arrhythmia occurs with metabolic acidosis because: ------ electrical conduction and contractility are affected for metabolic imbalance, compensation and correction must always ------ employ a respiratory solution compensation for metabolic acidosis ------ combine excess acid with available body buffers, increased respiratory rate and depth to decrease PaCO2 as CO2 is excreted via exhalation, ------ carbonic acid concentration is decreased and Hydrogen ions are tied to water correction for metabolic acidosis ------ repair cause of imbalance, hydrogen excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption etiology of metabolic alkalosis ------ excess bicarbonate or loss of non-volatile acid specific causes of metabolic alkalosis - 4 ------ gastric vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, diuretics that cause hydrogen excretion, ingestion of alkaloids manifestations of metabolic alkalosis ------ apathy, confusion, dizziness, parasthesias, shallow breathing, muscle spasm manifestations of metabolic alkalosis are similar to those of: ------ hypokalemia compensations for metabolic alkalosis ------ pair excess bicarbonate with available buffers, decrease rate of respiration to increase CO2 as CO2 accumulates, it will undergo: ------ hydration to produce carbonic acid, which will then dissociate and release hydrogen ions two important urine buffers are: ------ phosphate & ammonia-ammonium
Side A ------ Side B Types of acid/base imbalances ------ acidosis and alkalosis – both metabolic & respiratory definition of metabolic imbalance ------ change in amount of fixed acids or in bicarbonate levels examples of fixed acids ------ lactic acid, hydrochloric acid, ketoacids the volatile acid in the body is ------ carbonic acid carbonic acid is created through: ------ the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide, aka CO2 and water carbonic acid dissociates into: ------ hydrogen and bicarbonate ions carbonic acid's concentration can be altered via ------ respiration for every 20 carbonic acid molecules formed, the body saves: ------ 20 bicarbonate ions and 1 hydrogen ion; kidney excretes the rest fixed acids are termed fixed because: ------ they cannot be eliminated by changing respiration in metabolic acidosis, what happens: ------ pH decreases. Either acid increases or bicarbonate decreases. In metabolic alkalosis, what happens: ------ pH increases. Either acid decreases or bicarbonate increases. What does PaCO2 stand for? ------ Partial concentration/pressure of CO2 in arterial blood in respiratory imbalance: ------ change in PacCO2 cause of respiratory acidosis: ------ accumulation of carbonic acid due to too much CO2 In respiratory acidosis, what happens: ------ CO2 undergoes hydration; hydrogen is released from carbonic acid; pH decreases any condition causing _____ will cause respiratory acidosis ------ hypoventilation as CO2 is retained, it will undergo ______ to form ______. ------ hydration; carbonic acid. As carbonic acid is dissociated, ________ are released. ------ Hydrogen ions causes of respiratory acidosis – 4 ------ obstructive lung disease, neuromuscular weakness, damage to cervical spinal cord, depression of respiratory center due to drugs/damage respiratory center of the brain: ------ medulla & pons manifestations of respiratory acidosis - 8 ------ headache, decreased consciousness, disorientation, coma, ventricular arrhythmia, decreased cardiac output, pulmonary hypertension, reduced blood flow to organs nervous system manifestations of resp acidosis occur because: ------ blood vessels dilate in response ventricular arrhythmia occurs with resp acidosis because: ------ electrical conduction and contractility are affected pulmonary hypertension with resp acidosis occurs because: ------ as ventilation decreases, capillary restriction increases cause of respiratory alkalosis: ------ loss of carbonic acid during hyperventilation causes excretion of CO2 and drop in pH in respiratory alkalosis, what happens: ------ free hydrogen will be tied up with water; pH increases causes of respiratory alkalosis/hyperventilation - 5 ------ anxiety, hypoxia, CNS disorders, pregnancy, fever respiratory and metabolic alkalosis causes ------ hypokalemia & hypocalcemia and vice versa manifestations of respiratory alkalosis - 9 ------ anxiety, dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, coma, numbness/tingling, tetany, Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs (from hypocalcemia) hypocalcemia occurs in alkalosis because: ------ calcium takes the place of hydrogen ions for a respiratory problem, compensation and correction must: ------ employ a metabolic solution compensation for respiratory acidosis ------ combine excess acid with available body buffers; excretion of hydrogen & retention & production of bicarbonate via kidney compensation for respiratory alkalosis ------ combine excess base with available body buffers; hydrogen secretion will be stopped & bicarbonate ion will be excreted by the kidney general etiology of metabolic acidosis ------ loss of bicarbonate ion or accumulation of non-volatile acid specific causes of metabolic acidosis - 7 ------ renal failure, diabetic ketoacidosis, decompensated shock (lactic acid), diarrhea, bilious vomiting, poisoning, starvation renal failure causes acidosis because: ------ normal secretion of hydrogen and reabsorption of bicarbonate ion doesn't happen poisons that cause acidosis: 4 ------ antifreeze, aspirin, methanol, iron salts manifestations of metabolic acidosis ------ deep/rapid respiration, acetone breath, decreased LOC, disorientation, coma, ventricular arrhythmia ventricular arrhythmia occurs with metabolic acidosis because: ------ electrical conduction and contractility are affected for metabolic imbalance, compensation and correction must always ------ employ a respiratory solution compensation for metabolic acidosis ------ combine excess acid with available body buffers, increased respiratory rate and depth to decrease PaCO2 as CO2 is excreted via exhalation, ------ carbonic acid concentration is decreased and Hydrogen ions are tied to water correction for metabolic acidosis ------ repair cause of imbalance, hydrogen excretion and bicarbonate reabsorption etiology of metabolic alkalosis ------ excess bicarbonate or loss of non-volatile acid specific causes of metabolic alkalosis - 4 ------ gastric vomiting, nasogastric suctioning, diuretics that cause hydrogen excretion, ingestion of alkaloids manifestations of metabolic alkalosis ------ apathy, confusion, dizziness, parasthesias, shallow breathing, muscle spasm manifestations of metabolic alkalosis are similar to those of: ------ hypokalemia compensations for metabolic alkalosis ------ pair excess bicarbonate with available buffers, decrease rate of respiration to increase CO2 as CO2 accumulates, it will undergo: ------ hydration to produce carbonic acid, which will then dissociate and release hydrogen ions two important urine buffers are: ------ phosphate & ammonia-ammonium
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