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Side A ------ Side B


middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to
uplifting the urban masses. She was one of the first generation of
college-educated women. She established the Hull House in Chicago 1889, which
was a settlement house (a place where immigrants came for counseling, literacy
training, child care, and cultural activities.

 ------ Jane Addams 


armed with the insights of socialism and endowed
with the voice of an actress, she was a lifelong battler for the welfare of
women, children, blacks, and consumers. She led the case of when the Hull House
lobbied for an Illinois sweatshop law that protected women workers and
prohibited child labor. “a guerilla warrior in the urban jungle.”

 ------ Florence Kelley 


she founded the Church of Christ, Scientist
(Christian Science) in 1879, after she had suffered much ill health. The main
belief of Christian Science was healing through prayer, not through medical
treatment. 

 ------ Mary Baker Eddy 


he published a volume called the On Origin of the
Species. His theory of evolution argued that higher forms of life had evolved
from lower forms via random mutation and survival-of-the-fittest. His review
thus rejected divine creation. Conservatives stood firmly in their beliefs of
God and religion, why Modernists flatly refused to accept the Bible in its
entirety. 

 ------ Charles Darwin 
he developed a plan
for bettering the lots of blacks. His commitment to training young blacks in
agriculture and the trades guided the curriculum at Tuskegee Institute, which
was a normal school for black teachers and taught hands-on industrial trades.
He avoided the issue of social equality, and instead focused on one thing at a
time: developing economic and educational recourses of the black community ------ Booker T. Washington 


the first African American to earn a PhD at
Harvard. He demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic,
and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP). He called for the “talented tenth” of the black community to be given
full access and equality. His criticism was that Washington’s method put blacks
in a little box of manual labor only. 

 ------ W. E. B. Du Bois 


he made a large impact in psychology through his
numerous writings. He was one of America’s most brilliant intellectuals and
served 35 years on the Harvard faculty. His Principles of Psychology helped to
establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology. The concept of
pragmatism held that truth was to be tested, above all, by the practical
consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories.

 ------ William James 


he was a journalist-author who was an original thinker
who left an enduring mark. Poor in formal schooling, he was rich in idealism
and human kindness. After seeing poverty at its worst in India, he wrote the
book Progress and Poverty, which
attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty. His theory was
that “progress” pushed land values up and created poverty amongst many. His
solution to the distribution of wealth was to propose a 100% tax on profits—a
very controversial proposal.

 ------ Henry George 


he wrote rags-to-riches stories, usually about a
good boy that made good. They all championed the virtues of honesty and hard
work that lead to prosperity and honor. His best know book was Ragged Dick. He was a Puritan-driven New
Englander who wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction including New
Yorker newsboys in 1866. He said that virtue, honesty, and industry are
rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. A survival of the purest, especially
nonsmokers, nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars.

 ------ Horatio Alger 


his original name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He
traveled through the West and wrote Roughing
It recounting the trip. It was a mix of truths, half-truths, and tall
tales, and the readers loved it. He co-wrote The Gilded Age that laid bare on the questionable politics and
business of the day. He also wrote the Adventures
of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn. He was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of
social injustice. He recaptured the limits of realism and humor in the
authentic American dialect.

 ------ Mark Twain 


she was a feminist who published Women and Economics, a classic of
feminism. She (1) shunned traditional femininity, (2) said there were no real
differences between men and women, and (3) called for group of nurseries and
kitchens to free up women. She called upon women to abandon their dependent
status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive
involvement in the economy. She devoted herself to a vigorous regimen of
physical exercise and philosophical meditation.

 ------ Charlotte Perkins Gilman 


she took command of the suffrage battle. Under her,
the suffragists de-emphasized the argument that women deserved the matter of
right, because they were in all respects the equals of men. Instead, she
stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to
discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the
increasingly public world of the city.

 ------ Carrie Chapman Catt 
he was an urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity, who was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants alike. He employed his liberal sympathies to assist the American labor movement.  ------ 



Cardinal James Gibbons 


a former Chicago shoe salesmen. He was a country
boy who made good in the big city. Proclaiming a gospel of kindness and
forgiveness, he was a modern urban circuit rider who took his message to
countless American cities in the 1870s and 80s. His goal and achievement was to
connect biblical teachings and Christianity to modern city life. The Moody
Bible Institute founded in Chicago was founded in 1899.

 ------ Dwight L. Moody 
a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. ------ 



 megalopolis




a place where immigrants came for counseling,
literacy training, child care, and cultural activities.

 ------  settlement house 


antiforeignism. These people worried that the
original Anglo-Saxon population would soon be outnumbered and outvoted. They
considered eastern and southern European immigrants inferior to themselves.
They blamed the immigrants for the dreadful conditions of urban government, and
unionists attacked the immigrants for their willingness to work for small
wages.

 ------ Nativism 


came from Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The sensational theory that humans had
slowly evolved from lower forms of life ("the survival of the
fittest"). The idea cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the
Bible. 

 ------ evolution


the most famous work of William James in 1907. The
concept of pragmatism held that truth was to be tested, above all, by
the practical consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories. This
kind of reasoning created a nation of doers. (Basically the idea that
"actions speak louder than words".)

 ------ pragmatism


the name given to the colorful comics written by
Joseph Pulitzer, comics that featured the "Yellow Kid", a popular
sensationalist comic. 

 ------ yellow journalism


Eastern and Southern Europeans. They came for the
same reasons as the Old Immigrants, to escape poverty and fighting in Europe
and to seek new opportunities in America. The government did almost
nothing to help new immigrants besides refuse admission to the criminals and
the insane so they were pretty much at the mercy of "bosses" like New York's Boss Tweed.
Politicians traded jobs and services for their votes. 

 ------ New Immigration


an idea proposed by Protestant clergymen Walter
Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden that insisted that churches tackle social
issues of the present day (apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and
factories). 

 ------ social gospel


the most prominent (though not the first) American
settlement house founded by Jane Addams.

 ------ Hull House


They were an Antiforeign organization like the
"Know Nothings" before the Civil War. Created in 1887, they urged
voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the
publication of dirty text about runaway nuns (so immature!!!).

 ------ American Protective Association


soldiers that invaded America
from England
in 1879 without swords and established a beachhead on the street corners. The
did a lot of practical good for "down and outers" and they gave free
soup. Yay!

 ------ . Salvation Army


the founding of adult school. Public lectures held
in tents featuring well known speakers like Mark Twain. It also included home
study. 

 ------ . Chautauqua movement


law passed in 1862 after the South seceded to
provide a generous grant of public lands to the states fro support of
education. 

 ------ Morrill Act


self appointed defender of sexual purity (Anthony
Comstock) boasted that he had confiscated no fewer than 202,679 obscene
pictures and photos and 4,185 boxes and pills and powders used by abortionists.
Comstock claimed that he had driven at least fifteen people to suicide. 

 ------ Comstock Law
organized in 1874 to
combat female alcoholism ------ Women's Christian Temperance Union


took refuge north of the border after the Battle of
Little Bighorn. Chief Joseph hoped to rendezvous with him but instead Chief and
the other Nez Percés were sent to a reservation in Kansas. 

 ------ Sitting Bull


led a "scientific" expedition into the
Black Hills of South Dakota (part of the Sioux reservation) and announced that
he had discovered gold. He led a Seventh Cavalry that set out to suppress
Indians and return them to the reservation. 

 ------ George A. Custer


surrendered the band of Nez Percé Indians to U.S. authorities in 1877 after a three month
trek across the Continental Divide toward Canada.

 ------ Chief Joseph


In 1851 Mexican troops killed his mother, wife, and
three of his children initiating his lifelong hatred of Mexicans, though later
in life he, ironically, he ran away from U.S. reservations to freedom in
Mexico. He was persuaded to surrender to American authorities in 1886. He spent
the rest of his life on reservations in Florida,
Alabama, and Oklahoma. 



 ------ Geronimo


a Massachusetts
writer of children's books who published A
Century of Dishonor in 1881, a story record of government ruthlessness in
dealing with the Indians. 

 ------ Helen Hunt Jackson


A geologist and explorer of the Colorado River’s
Grand Canyon. He was the director of the US Geological Survey. He warned people
that without massive irrigation, agriculture beyond the 100th
meridian was impossible.

 ------ John Wesley Powell
The leading spirit of
The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. He was a Minnesota farmer
working as a clerk in Washington. 
Kelley’s first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers
through social, educational, and fraternal activities. ------ Oliver H. Kelley


He wrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin’s Financial School. It was
illustrated by clever woodcut, one which depicted the gold ogre beheading the
beautiful silver maiden. The booklet showed how he overwhelmed bankers and
professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver.

 ------ William Hope Harvey: 


The queen of the Populist “calamity howlers.” She
was known as the “Kansas Pythoness.” She reportedly demanded that Kansas should
raise “less corn and more hell.” 

 ------ Mary Elizabeth Lease


He wrote an essay titled “The Significance of the
Frontier in American History” in 1893. 

 ------ Frederick Jackson Turner


He was a general during the Civil War. He was
chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist Party. He was a Granger
with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting three percent of the
popular votes which is really a large number for a third party candidate.

 ------ James B. Weaver


The most famous marcher. He set out for Washington
in 1894 with a few score of supporters and a swarm of newspaper reporters. His
platform included a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an
inflationary public works program. 

 ------ Jacob S. Coxey


A charismatic labor leader. He helped organize the
American Railway Union of about 150,000 members. He was sentenced to six months
imprisonment for contempt of court because he had defied a federal court
injunction to cease striking. 

 ------ Eugene V. Debs


Leading candidate for the Republican presidential
nomination in 1896. He was a former congressman of Ohio. His signature issue
was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his
McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential
election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic
groups.

 ------ William McKinley


He fought to get William McKinley the Republican
nomination for president. He used the money he made in the iron business to
support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification
of big business in politics.

 ------ Marcus Alonzo Hanna


lasted from
1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white
men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white
men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by
Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces
until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were
finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

 ------ Sioux Wars


A band if Indians in northeastern Oregon. They were
goaded into to flight, when US authorities tried to herd them onto a
reservation. They surrendered and were sent to a reservation in Kansas, where
40 percent of them perished from disease.

 ------ Nez Percé


Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from
Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into
Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in
Oklahoma.

 ------ Apache


A cult that tried to call the spirits of past
warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of
Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn
them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

 ------ Ghost Dance


A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring
Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops
were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian
reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing
Indian men women and children.

 ------ Battle of Wounded Knee


1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up
individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists
out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of
the American

 ------ . Dawes Severalty Act


In 1876, Colonel George A. Custer and 260 of his
men were killed by Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull at this battle in southern
Montana. "Custer's Last Stand" became enshrined in American mythology
as a symbol of the brutality of the Indian wars, although there is substantial
evidence that Custer acted recklessly in attacking the large Indian encampment.

 ------ . Little Big Horn
The Native American
term for African-American soldiers in the West ------ Buffalo Soldiers 


This discovery of gold and silver caused an
explosion in the population of Nevada. The state was then railroaded into the
union to vote for Lincoln.



 ------ Comstock Lode 


the practice of driving cattle over unpopulated
western plains to a railroad to be shipped to a slaughterhouse. The cowboys
would move herds of cattle across the grassy government land hoping to avoid
various perils and turn a profit.

 ------ Long Drive 


this law allowed settlers to acquire land live on
it for five years, improving it (farming, building a house, etc.), and pay a
small fee. While it was well intention most of the good land was bought up by
large companies through their employees and the remaining land was difficult to
farm. Eventually many farmers discovered the vitality of prairie farmers and
engineers irrigated deserts.

 ------ Homestead Act 


this refers to the state of Oklahoma. When the
government decided to allow settlement of the fertile land many
overenthusiastic settlers entered illegally before the announced date of settlement.
These “sooners” had to be regularly evicted by federal troops. The settlement
was so quick that Oklahoma became a state in 1907, eight years after being open
foe business.

 ------ Sooner State 


The idea that when hard times came the unemployed moved
west and became prosperous farmers. Due to the large start up capital needed to
begin a farm (for machinery and the like), as well as the lack of city dweller
knowledge of farming, it was false. The west did however encourage immigrants
to farm keeping the workforce from increasing more.

 ------ safety-valve theory 


– large farms that grew only one crop, usually
wheat. Through these farming became more like a factory.

 ------ Bonanza farms 


an organization of farmers that began in 1867. Its
objectives centered around improving life for the isolated farmers. It also had
social gatherings and gained some political influence.

 ------ National Grange 


these laws attempted to recognize the principle of
public control over private business for the general welfare. They were badly
written and were all turned over in courts of various levels.



 ------ Granger laws 


this organization was founded in the late 1870sto
advocate farmers. They were somewhat weak as thy ignored the tenant farmers,
share croppers, farm workers, and black farmers. The group eventually grew into
the Populist party.

 ------ Farmers' Alliance 
mostly advocated for
the farmers (later on incorporated urban workers with some success) and focused
especially on the introduction of silver coinage ------ Populist (People's) Party 


this famous march was lead by Jacob S. Coxly who
intended to invade Washington and give his demands. The invasion was a total
failure as he and his colleagues were arrested for walking on the grass upon
arriving at the capital.

 ------ Coxey's Army 


this railroad worker strike stopped all railroad
traffic from Chicago, where it was located, to the Pacific coast. Eventually
troops were called in and put down the strike to the outrage of many laborers.



 ------ Pullman Strike 


William Jennings Bryan made this speech. In it he
advocated the use of silver. He was so persuasive and confident that he was
nominated by the democrats.



 ------ Cross of Gold speech 


this was the proposed ratio of silver to gold that
the Populist-Democrats advocated. It became the slogan for Bryan in the 1896
elections.

 ------ "16 to 1" 


the political system that began after the 1896
elections. It was a long reign of Republican dominance accompanied by lower
voter turn out, the weakening of party organizations, and the fading away of
issues like the money question and civil service reform.

 ------ fourth party system" 


this was rammed through the House in 1897 and
increases tariffs to counter the tariff reduction by the Wilson–Gorman Tariff
Act of 1894.



 ------ . Dingley Tariff bill 


this law provided that paper money could be freely
exchanged with gold.

 ------ Gold Standard Act

Side A ------ Side B

middle-class woman who was deeply dedicated to
uplifting the urban masses. She was one of the first generation of
college-educated women. She established the Hull House in Chicago 1889, which
was a settlement house (a place where immigrants came for counseling, literacy
training, child care, and cultural activities.

------ Jane Addams

armed with the insights of socialism and endowed
with the voice of an actress, she was a lifelong battler for the welfare of
women, children, blacks, and consumers. She led the case of when the Hull House
lobbied for an Illinois sweatshop law that protected women workers and
prohibited child labor. “a guerilla warrior in the urban jungle.”

------ Florence Kelley

she founded the Church of Christ, Scientist
(Christian Science) in 1879, after she had suffered much ill health. The main
belief of Christian Science was healing through prayer, not through medical
treatment.

------ Mary Baker Eddy

he published a volume called the On Origin of the
Species. His theory of evolution argued that higher forms of life had evolved
from lower forms via random mutation and survival-of-the-fittest. His review
thus rejected divine creation. Conservatives stood firmly in their beliefs of
God and religion, why Modernists flatly refused to accept the Bible in its
entirety.

------ Charles Darwin 
he developed a plan
for bettering the lots of blacks. His commitment to training young blacks in
agriculture and the trades guided the curriculum at Tuskegee Institute, which
was a normal school for black teachers and taught hands-on industrial trades.
He avoided the issue of social equality, and instead focused on one thing at a
time: developing economic and educational recourses of the black community ------ Booker T. Washington

the first African American to earn a PhD at
Harvard. He demanded complete equality for blacks, social as well as economic,
and helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP). He called for the “talented tenth” of the black community to be given
full access and equality. His criticism was that Washington’s method put blacks
in a little box of manual labor only.

------ W. E. B. Du Bois

he made a large impact in psychology through his
numerous writings. He was one of America’s most brilliant intellectuals and
served 35 years on the Harvard faculty. His Principles of Psychology helped to
establish the modern discipline of behavioral psychology. The concept of
pragmatism held that truth was to be tested, above all, by the practical
consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories.

------ William James

he was a journalist-author who was an original thinker
who left an enduring mark. Poor in formal schooling, he was rich in idealism
and human kindness. After seeing poverty at its worst in India, he wrote the
book Progress and Poverty, which
attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty. His theory was
that “progress” pushed land values up and created poverty amongst many. His
solution to the distribution of wealth was to propose a 100% tax on profits—a
very controversial proposal.

------ Henry George

he wrote rags-to-riches stories, usually about a
good boy that made good. They all championed the virtues of honesty and hard
work that lead to prosperity and honor. His best know book was Ragged Dick. He was a Puritan-driven New
Englander who wrote more than 100 volumes of juvenile fiction including New
Yorker newsboys in 1866. He said that virtue, honesty, and industry are
rewarded by success, wealth, and honor. A survival of the purest, especially
nonsmokers, nondrinkers, nonswearers, and nonliars.

------ Horatio Alger

his original name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens. He
traveled through the West and wrote Roughing
It recounting the trip. It was a mix of truths, half-truths, and tall
tales, and the readers loved it. He co-wrote The Gilded Age that laid bare on the questionable politics and
business of the day. He also wrote the Adventures
of Tom Sawyer and the Adventures of
Huckleberry Finn. He was a journalist, humorist, satirist, and opponent of
social injustice. He recaptured the limits of realism and humor in the
authentic American dialect.

------ Mark Twain

she was a feminist who published Women and Economics, a classic of
feminism. She (1) shunned traditional femininity, (2) said there were no real
differences between men and women, and (3) called for group of nurseries and
kitchens to free up women. She called upon women to abandon their dependent
status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive
involvement in the economy. She devoted herself to a vigorous regimen of
physical exercise and philosophical meditation.

------ Charlotte Perkins Gilman

she took command of the suffrage battle. Under her,
the suffragists de-emphasized the argument that women deserved the matter of
right, because they were in all respects the equals of men. Instead, she
stressed the desirability of giving women the vote if they were to continue to
discharge their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers in the
increasingly public world of the city.

------ Carrie Chapman Catt 
he was an urban Catholic leader devoted to American unity, who was immensely popular with Roman Catholics and Protestants alike. He employed his liberal sympathies to assist the American labor movement.  ------

Cardinal James Gibbons

a former Chicago shoe salesmen. He was a country
boy who made good in the big city. Proclaiming a gospel of kindness and
forgiveness, he was a modern urban circuit rider who took his message to
countless American cities in the 1870s and 80s. His goal and achievement was to
connect biblical teachings and Christianity to modern city life. The Moody
Bible Institute founded in Chicago was founded in 1899.

------ Dwight L. Moody 
a chain of roughly adjacent metropolitan areas. ------

megalopolis

a place where immigrants came for counseling,
literacy training, child care, and cultural activities.

------  settlement house

antiforeignism. These people worried that the
original Anglo-Saxon population would soon be outnumbered and outvoted. They
considered eastern and southern European immigrants inferior to themselves.
They blamed the immigrants for the dreadful conditions of urban government, and
unionists attacked the immigrants for their willingness to work for small
wages.

------ Nativism

came from Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species. The sensational theory that humans had
slowly evolved from lower forms of life ("the survival of the
fittest"). The idea cast serious doubt on a literal interpretation of the
Bible.

------ evolution

the most famous work of William James in 1907. The
concept of pragmatism held that truth was to be tested, above all, by
the practical consequences of an idea, by action rather than theories. This
kind of reasoning created a nation of doers. (Basically the idea that
"actions speak louder than words".)

------ pragmatism

the name given to the colorful comics written by
Joseph Pulitzer, comics that featured the "Yellow Kid", a popular
sensationalist comic.

------ yellow journalism

Eastern and Southern Europeans. They came for the
same reasons as the Old Immigrants, to escape poverty and fighting in Europe
and to seek new opportunities in America. The government did almost
nothing to help new immigrants besides refuse admission to the criminals and
the insane so they were pretty much at the mercy of "bosses" like New York's Boss Tweed.
Politicians traded jobs and services for their votes.

------ New Immigration

an idea proposed by Protestant clergymen Walter
Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden that insisted that churches tackle social
issues of the present day (apply the lessons of Christianity to the slums and
factories).

------ social gospel

the most prominent (though not the first) American
settlement house founded by Jane Addams.

------ Hull House

They were an Antiforeign organization like the
"Know Nothings" before the Civil War. Created in 1887, they urged
voting against Roman Catholic candidates for office and sponsored the
publication of dirty text about runaway nuns (so immature!!!).

------ American Protective Association

soldiers that invaded America
from England
in 1879 without swords and established a beachhead on the street corners. The
did a lot of practical good for "down and outers" and they gave free
soup. Yay!

------ . Salvation Army

the founding of adult school. Public lectures held
in tents featuring well known speakers like Mark Twain. It also included home
study.

------ . Chautauqua movement

law passed in 1862 after the South seceded to
provide a generous grant of public lands to the states fro support of
education.

------ Morrill Act

self appointed defender of sexual purity (Anthony
Comstock) boasted that he had confiscated no fewer than 202,679 obscene
pictures and photos and 4,185 boxes and pills and powders used by abortionists.
Comstock claimed that he had driven at least fifteen people to suicide.

------ Comstock Law
organized in 1874 to
combat female alcoholism ------ Women's Christian Temperance Union

took refuge north of the border after the Battle of
Little Bighorn. Chief Joseph hoped to rendezvous with him but instead Chief and
the other Nez Percés were sent to a reservation in Kansas.

------ Sitting Bull

led a "scientific" expedition into the
Black Hills of South Dakota (part of the Sioux reservation) and announced that
he had discovered gold. He led a Seventh Cavalry that set out to suppress
Indians and return them to the reservation.

------ George A. Custer

surrendered the band of Nez Percé Indians to U.S. authorities in 1877 after a three month
trek across the Continental Divide toward Canada.

------ Chief Joseph

In 1851 Mexican troops killed his mother, wife, and
three of his children initiating his lifelong hatred of Mexicans, though later
in life he, ironically, he ran away from U.S. reservations to freedom in
Mexico. He was persuaded to surrender to American authorities in 1886. He spent
the rest of his life on reservations in Florida,
Alabama, and Oklahoma.

------ Geronimo

a Massachusetts
writer of children's books who published A
Century of Dishonor in 1881, a story record of government ruthlessness in
dealing with the Indians.

------ Helen Hunt Jackson

A geologist and explorer of the Colorado River’s
Grand Canyon. He was the director of the US Geological Survey. He warned people
that without massive irrigation, agriculture beyond the 100th
meridian was impossible.

------ John Wesley Powell
The leading spirit of
The National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry. He was a Minnesota farmer
working as a clerk in Washington. 
Kelley’s first objective was to enhance the lives of isolated farmers
through social, educational, and fraternal activities. ------ Oliver H. Kelley

He wrote a popular pamphlet titled Coin’s Financial School. It was
illustrated by clever woodcut, one which depicted the gold ogre beheading the
beautiful silver maiden. The booklet showed how he overwhelmed bankers and
professors of economics with his brilliant arguments on behalf of free silver.

------ William Hope Harvey:

The queen of the Populist “calamity howlers.” She
was known as the “Kansas Pythoness.” She reportedly demanded that Kansas should
raise “less corn and more hell.”

------ Mary Elizabeth Lease

He wrote an essay titled “The Significance of the
Frontier in American History” in 1893.

------ Frederick Jackson Turner

He was a general during the Civil War. He was
chosen as the presidential candidate of the Populist Party. He was a Granger
with an apt for public speaking. He only ended up getting three percent of the
popular votes which is really a large number for a third party candidate.

------ James B. Weaver

The most famous marcher. He set out for Washington
in 1894 with a few score of supporters and a swarm of newspaper reporters. His
platform included a demand that the government relieve unemployment by an
inflationary public works program.

------ Jacob S. Coxey

A charismatic labor leader. He helped organize the
American Railway Union of about 150,000 members. He was sentenced to six months
imprisonment for contempt of court because he had defied a federal court
injunction to cease striking.

------ Eugene V. Debs

Leading candidate for the Republican presidential
nomination in 1896. He was a former congressman of Ohio. His signature issue
was high tariffs on imports as a formula for prosperity, as typified by his
McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential
election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted pluralism among ethnic
groups.

------ William McKinley

He fought to get William McKinley the Republican
nomination for president. He used the money he made in the iron business to
support William McKinley's presidential campaign. He became a personification
of big business in politics.

------ Marcus Alonzo Hanna

lasted from
1876-1877. These were spectacular clashes between the Sioux Indians and white
men. They were spurred by gold-greedy miners rushing into Sioux land. The white
men were breaking their treaty with the Indians. The Sioux Indians were led by
Sitting Bull and they were pushed by Custer's forces. Custer led these forces
until he was killed at the battle at Little Bighorn. Many of the Indian were
finally forced into Canada, where they were forced by starvation to surrender.

------ Sioux Wars

A band if Indians in northeastern Oregon. They were
goaded into to flight, when US authorities tried to herd them onto a
reservation. They surrendered and were sent to a reservation in Kansas, where
40 percent of them perished from disease.

------ Nez Percé

Native American-Indian tribe; 1870's; group from
Arizona and New Mexico led by Geronimo were difficult to control; chased into
Mexico by Federal troops; they became successful farmers raising stock in
Oklahoma.

------ Apache

A cult that tried to call the spirits of past
warriors to inspire the young braves to fight. It was crushed at the Battle of
Wounded Knee after spreading to the Dakota Sioux. The Ghost Dance led to the
Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. This act tried to reform Indian tribes and turn
them into "white" citizens. It did little good.

------ Ghost Dance

A group of white Christian reformist tried to bring
Christian beliefs on to the Indians. Fearing the Ghost Dance American troops
were called to go with the reformist. While camped outside of an Indian
reservation a gun was fired and the troops stormed the reservation killing
Indian men women and children.

------ Battle of Wounded Knee

1887, dismantled American Indian tribes, set up
individuals as family heads with 160 acres, tried to make rugged individualists
out of the Indians, attempt to assimilate the Indian population into that of
the American

------ . Dawes Severalty Act

In 1876, Colonel George A. Custer and 260 of his
men were killed by Sioux Indians led by Sitting Bull at this battle in southern
Montana. "Custer's Last Stand" became enshrined in American mythology
as a symbol of the brutality of the Indian wars, although there is substantial
evidence that Custer acted recklessly in attacking the large Indian encampment.

------ . Little Big Horn
The Native American
term for African-American soldiers in the West ------ Buffalo Soldiers

This discovery of gold and silver caused an
explosion in the population of Nevada. The state was then railroaded into the
union to vote for Lincoln.

------ Comstock Lode

the practice of driving cattle over unpopulated
western plains to a railroad to be shipped to a slaughterhouse. The cowboys
would move herds of cattle across the grassy government land hoping to avoid
various perils and turn a profit.

------ Long Drive

this law allowed settlers to acquire land live on
it for five years, improving it (farming, building a house, etc.), and pay a
small fee. While it was well intention most of the good land was bought up by
large companies through their employees and the remaining land was difficult to
farm. Eventually many farmers discovered the vitality of prairie farmers and
engineers irrigated deserts.

------ Homestead Act

this refers to the state of Oklahoma. When the
government decided to allow settlement of the fertile land many
overenthusiastic settlers entered illegally before the announced date of settlement.
These “sooners” had to be regularly evicted by federal troops. The settlement
was so quick that Oklahoma became a state in 1907, eight years after being open
foe business.

------ Sooner State

The idea that when hard times came the unemployed moved
west and became prosperous farmers. Due to the large start up capital needed to
begin a farm (for machinery and the like), as well as the lack of city dweller
knowledge of farming, it was false. The west did however encourage immigrants
to farm keeping the workforce from increasing more.

------ safety-valve theory

– large farms that grew only one crop, usually
wheat. Through these farming became more like a factory.

------ Bonanza farms

an organization of farmers that began in 1867. Its
objectives centered around improving life for the isolated farmers. It also had
social gatherings and gained some political influence.

------ National Grange

these laws attempted to recognize the principle of
public control over private business for the general welfare. They were badly
written and were all turned over in courts of various levels.

------ Granger laws

this organization was founded in the late 1870sto
advocate farmers. They were somewhat weak as thy ignored the tenant farmers,
share croppers, farm workers, and black farmers. The group eventually grew into
the Populist party.

------ Farmers' Alliance 
mostly advocated for
the farmers (later on incorporated urban workers with some success) and focused
especially on the introduction of silver coinage ------ Populist (People's) Party

this famous march was lead by Jacob S. Coxly who
intended to invade Washington and give his demands. The invasion was a total
failure as he and his colleagues were arrested for walking on the grass upon
arriving at the capital.

------ Coxey's Army

this railroad worker strike stopped all railroad
traffic from Chicago, where it was located, to the Pacific coast. Eventually
troops were called in and put down the strike to the outrage of many laborers.

------ Pullman Strike

William Jennings Bryan made this speech. In it he
advocated the use of silver. He was so persuasive and confident that he was
nominated by the democrats.

------ Cross of Gold speech

this was the proposed ratio of silver to gold that
the Populist-Democrats advocated. It became the slogan for Bryan in the 1896
elections.

------ "16 to 1"

the political system that began after the 1896
elections. It was a long reign of Republican dominance accompanied by lower
voter turn out, the weakening of party organizations, and the fading away of
issues like the money question and civil service reform.

------ fourth party system"

this was rammed through the House in 1897 and
increases tariffs to counter the tariff reduction by the Wilson–Gorman Tariff
Act of 1894.

------ . Dingley Tariff bill

this law provided that paper money could be freely
exchanged with gold.

------ Gold Standard Act