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Side A ------ Side B New Manifest Destiny ------ American attention shifted to foreign lands Frederick Jackson Turner (1890s) ~ produced fears that natural resources would soon dwindle - depression & social movements --> improve foreign affairs, importance of foreign trade increases (fear that European imperialism will leave Americans out of spoils) John Fiske ------ English-speaking people would dominate every land that wasn't already the seat of an "established civilization" - destined to force their influence on other parts of the world Josiah Strong Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885) ------ Anglo-Saxon "race" represented civil liberty & pure Christianity - divinely commissioned to spread them John Burgess ------ - duty of Anglo-Saxons = most politically talented (to uplift less fortunate people) Alfred Thayer MahanThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) ------ - countries w/ great sea power = the great nations of history --> US is great (bounded by 2 oceans) - US needed: productive domestic economy, foreign commerce, two-ocean navy, and colonies for raw materials, markets, and navy bases - wanted to claim Pacific Islands & Hawaii Venezuela-England Boundary Dispute (1895) ------ - dispute border between British Guiana and Venezuela --> Sec. of State Blaine had called for Pan-American Congress - Sec. of State Richard Olney charged that British was violating Monroe Doctrine when they refused to meet for council - Cleveland --> special commission to determine border (if British resist the decision, war with England) Great Reproachment ------ - evolving relationship between US and England - realization that they share a lot Importance of Hawaii ------ - Pearl Harbor ~ strategic position - price of sugar from Hawaii decreasing --> US wants to annex it to avoid tariffs - great stopping place for trade ships Importance of Samoan Islands ------ - under the influence of US, GB, and Germany - each wanted a part of the strategic trading spot - US wanted the harbor of Pago Pago Causes of Imperialism ------ - yellow journalists - New Navy policy (Mahan) - European imperialism in Africa - Social Darwinism/eugenics Causes of Spanish American War ------ - "Yellow journalists" - McKinley - de Lome letter - Maine incident (de Lome letter & Maine incident ~ used as propaganda to support the war) - Manifest Destiny ~ America still wanted to expand (divine connection = justification for expansion) - Teller Amendment Yellow Journalism ------ 1895: renewed rebellion grows in Cuba - i.e. Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal dramatize the situation - Spanish general Weyler depicted as brutal - aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control - jingoism: extreme patriotism Cuban Revolt (1895) ------ - cause: deteriorating economic conditions due to the high Wilson-Gorman Tariff (cut off American market from Cuba) & Spanish concentration camps - Cuban immigrants in NY area --> Cuban Revolutionary Party to encourage American intervention - publicized Jose Marti (killed in battle) - Cleveland did nothing (even tried to quell the movement) - American motivation: huge sugar exports from Cuba (powerful economic motive) de Lome Letter ------ - angered American public - Spanish minister to Washington Dupoy de Lome's letter was intercepted in Cuba & turned over the America - showed Spanish belief that McKinley was weak & wanted public support Maine incident ------ - a ship called Maine in the Havana harbor blew up supposedly b/c of an external submarine mine --> killed 260 people - actually b/c of an internal accident in the engine - Last attempt to avoid conflict: McKinley asks Spain to agree to armistice with the revels and an end to the concentration camps - Spain refuses --> WAR Teller Amendment ------ - ensured that Americans didn't take over Cuba Benefits of the War ------ Sec. of State John Hay ~ called the Spanish-American War a "splendid little war" - short (only lasted April - August) - gained a lot of territory ( Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines) - few casualties - most soldiers were native Cubans Difficulties of the War ------ - lack of food, supplies, medical care, experience - slow & inefficient mobilization - racial conflicts ~ black soldiers from West suffered segregation (but there was also equality ~ whites and blacks fought side by side) Philippines ------ - while war was going on in Cuba, Roosevelt ordered George Dewey to attack Spanish naval ships - May 1, 1898: Dewey invades Manila Bay --> destroys Spanish fleet Cuba ------ - Spanish sent Cerva to Cuba - American fleet planned to attack Santiago City - at San Juan Hill, Gen. Shafter on his way to Santiago - cavalry unit (Rough Riders) gained attention ~ led by T. Roosevelt - displayed courage & recklessness (i.e. Kettle Hill ~ later called it San Juan) - charged directly towards Spanish but left unscathed - Shafter was about to leave b/c of his sick troops but Cerva was ordered to evacuate b/c the Spanish had given up Treaty of Paris ------ - confirmed the terms of armistice concerning Cub, Puerto Rico, and Guam - Spain ceded the Philippines to the US - US paid $20 million Anti-Imperialists (Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Senator John Sherman) ------ - imperialism = immoral (goes against America's views) - feared "polluting" American population (eugenics) - industrial workers feared excess of immigrants - sugar growers feared unwelcome competition - Anti-Imperialist League: fought against annexation & attacked a widespread following in the NE Imperialists (T. Roosevelt) ------ - imperialism ~ invigorate the nation, healthy restorative influence of the war - profit in the Philippines --> dominate oriental trade - immigrants don't have to become citizens and assimilate - missionaries - we are clearly capable William Jennings Bryan - opinion on Philippines ------ - against the annexation of Philippines - thought we were gonna take the Philippines and then set them free --> supported the Treaty of Paris Did the Constitution follow the flag?(Downes v. Bidwell) ------ Did America bring its democracy with its conquest? - no ~ US created jurisdiction to create law w/i territories (esp. to control revenue that wasn't allowed for proper states w/i the Union) - an insular case Murchison Letter (1888) ------ - Californian Republican - published a letter suggesting that the British minister to the US said to vote for Cleveland - wanted to discredit Democrats int he election Annexing the Philippines ------ - after the war, Philippines --> protectorate (not given freedom) - Open rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo ~ declares Philippines as independent - more casualties than in the Spanish-American war - rebels fled to the jungle --> guerrilla warfare - 1901: Aguinaldo captured --> insurrection ends 1901: Philippine Commission created to make appropriate recommendations about how to deal with the Philippines - led by William H. Taft ~ called the Filipinos his "little brown brothers" - US instituted education, sanitation/public health, and infrastructure reforms - Philippines finally won independence July 4, 1946 Spheres of Influence ------ - foreign powers lured by Chinese markets --> by late 19th cent, Japan & W. Europeans carved much of China in separate spheres Open Door Note (1899) ------ - issued by Sec. of state John Hay - US at a disadvantage geographically (compared to Russia & Japan) --> US feared it might lose out - urged all great powers to announce that in their spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights & the ideal of fair competition - gained wide acceptance in the US but not internationally Boxer Rebellion (1900) ------ - millions of Chinese enraged by Open Door Policy --> Boxers (Chinese nationalists) killed over 200 missionaries & other whites - multinational force (~ 18,000) arrived to put down the rebellion ~ included Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and US - victorious allies assessed an indemnity of $333 million (US share: $24.5 million) --> later forgave $18 million - Chinese gov't set aside $$ to educate select group of Chinese students in the US as a gesture of goodwill --> later played significant role in westernizing Asia Platt Amendment (1901) ------ - efforts to qualify the relationship with Cuba --> left Cuba quasi-independent - US had control over its foreign policy (can protect Cuban independence and internal property) - reflected US concern of maintaining control over Cuba
Side A ------ Side B New Manifest Destiny ------ American attention shifted to foreign lands Frederick Jackson Turner (1890s) ~ produced fears that natural resources would soon dwindle - depression & social movements --> improve foreign affairs, importance of foreign trade increases (fear that European imperialism will leave Americans out of spoils) John Fiske ------ English-speaking people would dominate every land that wasn't already the seat of an "established civilization" - destined to force their influence on other parts of the world Josiah Strong Our Country: Its Possible Future and Its Present Crisis (1885) ------ Anglo-Saxon "race" represented civil liberty & pure Christianity - divinely commissioned to spread them John Burgess ------ - duty of Anglo-Saxons = most politically talented (to uplift less fortunate people) Alfred Thayer MahanThe Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890) ------ - countries w/ great sea power = the great nations of history --> US is great (bounded by 2 oceans) - US needed: productive domestic economy, foreign commerce, two-ocean navy, and colonies for raw materials, markets, and navy bases - wanted to claim Pacific Islands & Hawaii Venezuela-England Boundary Dispute (1895) ------ - dispute border between British Guiana and Venezuela --> Sec. of State Blaine had called for Pan-American Congress - Sec. of State Richard Olney charged that British was violating Monroe Doctrine when they refused to meet for council - Cleveland --> special commission to determine border (if British resist the decision, war with England) Great Reproachment ------ - evolving relationship between US and England - realization that they share a lot Importance of Hawaii ------ - Pearl Harbor ~ strategic position - price of sugar from Hawaii decreasing --> US wants to annex it to avoid tariffs - great stopping place for trade ships Importance of Samoan Islands ------ - under the influence of US, GB, and Germany - each wanted a part of the strategic trading spot - US wanted the harbor of Pago Pago Causes of Imperialism ------ - yellow journalists - New Navy policy (Mahan) - European imperialism in Africa - Social Darwinism/eugenics Causes of Spanish American War ------ - "Yellow journalists" - McKinley - de Lome letter - Maine incident (de Lome letter & Maine incident ~ used as propaganda to support the war) - Manifest Destiny ~ America still wanted to expand (divine connection = justification for expansion) - Teller Amendment Yellow Journalism ------ 1895: renewed rebellion grows in Cuba - i.e. Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal dramatize the situation - Spanish general Weyler depicted as brutal - aroused public support for a war to liberate Cuba from Spanish control - jingoism: extreme patriotism Cuban Revolt (1895) ------ - cause: deteriorating economic conditions due to the high Wilson-Gorman Tariff (cut off American market from Cuba) & Spanish concentration camps - Cuban immigrants in NY area --> Cuban Revolutionary Party to encourage American intervention - publicized Jose Marti (killed in battle) - Cleveland did nothing (even tried to quell the movement) - American motivation: huge sugar exports from Cuba (powerful economic motive) de Lome Letter ------ - angered American public - Spanish minister to Washington Dupoy de Lome's letter was intercepted in Cuba & turned over the America - showed Spanish belief that McKinley was weak & wanted public support Maine incident ------ - a ship called Maine in the Havana harbor blew up supposedly b/c of an external submarine mine --> killed 260 people - actually b/c of an internal accident in the engine - Last attempt to avoid conflict: McKinley asks Spain to agree to armistice with the revels and an end to the concentration camps - Spain refuses --> WAR Teller Amendment ------ - ensured that Americans didn't take over Cuba Benefits of the War ------ Sec. of State John Hay ~ called the Spanish-American War a "splendid little war" - short (only lasted April - August) - gained a lot of territory ( Puerto Rico, Guam, Cuba, and the Philippines) - few casualties - most soldiers were native Cubans Difficulties of the War ------ - lack of food, supplies, medical care, experience - slow & inefficient mobilization - racial conflicts ~ black soldiers from West suffered segregation (but there was also equality ~ whites and blacks fought side by side) Philippines ------ - while war was going on in Cuba, Roosevelt ordered George Dewey to attack Spanish naval ships - May 1, 1898: Dewey invades Manila Bay --> destroys Spanish fleet Cuba ------ - Spanish sent Cerva to Cuba - American fleet planned to attack Santiago City - at San Juan Hill, Gen. Shafter on his way to Santiago - cavalry unit (Rough Riders) gained attention ~ led by T. Roosevelt - displayed courage & recklessness (i.e. Kettle Hill ~ later called it San Juan) - charged directly towards Spanish but left unscathed - Shafter was about to leave b/c of his sick troops but Cerva was ordered to evacuate b/c the Spanish had given up Treaty of Paris ------ - confirmed the terms of armistice concerning Cub, Puerto Rico, and Guam - Spain ceded the Philippines to the US - US paid $20 million Anti-Imperialists (Andrew Carnegie, Mark Twain, Samuel Gompers, Senator John Sherman) ------ - imperialism = immoral (goes against America's views) - feared "polluting" American population (eugenics) - industrial workers feared excess of immigrants - sugar growers feared unwelcome competition - Anti-Imperialist League: fought against annexation & attacked a widespread following in the NE Imperialists (T. Roosevelt) ------ - imperialism ~ invigorate the nation, healthy restorative influence of the war - profit in the Philippines --> dominate oriental trade - immigrants don't have to become citizens and assimilate - missionaries - we are clearly capable William Jennings Bryan - opinion on Philippines ------ - against the annexation of Philippines - thought we were gonna take the Philippines and then set them free --> supported the Treaty of Paris Did the Constitution follow the flag?(Downes v. Bidwell) ------ Did America bring its democracy with its conquest? - no ~ US created jurisdiction to create law w/i territories (esp. to control revenue that wasn't allowed for proper states w/i the Union) - an insular case Murchison Letter (1888) ------ - Californian Republican - published a letter suggesting that the British minister to the US said to vote for Cleveland - wanted to discredit Democrats int he election Annexing the Philippines ------ - after the war, Philippines --> protectorate (not given freedom) - Open rebellion led by Emilio Aguinaldo ~ declares Philippines as independent - more casualties than in the Spanish-American war - rebels fled to the jungle --> guerrilla warfare - 1901: Aguinaldo captured --> insurrection ends 1901: Philippine Commission created to make appropriate recommendations about how to deal with the Philippines - led by William H. Taft ~ called the Filipinos his "little brown brothers" - US instituted education, sanitation/public health, and infrastructure reforms - Philippines finally won independence July 4, 1946 Spheres of Influence ------ - foreign powers lured by Chinese markets --> by late 19th cent, Japan & W. Europeans carved much of China in separate spheres Open Door Note (1899) ------ - issued by Sec. of state John Hay - US at a disadvantage geographically (compared to Russia & Japan) --> US feared it might lose out - urged all great powers to announce that in their spheres of influence they would respect certain Chinese rights & the ideal of fair competition - gained wide acceptance in the US but not internationally Boxer Rebellion (1900) ------ - millions of Chinese enraged by Open Door Policy --> Boxers (Chinese nationalists) killed over 200 missionaries & other whites - multinational force (~ 18,000) arrived to put down the rebellion ~ included Japan, Russia, Britain, France, Germany, and US - victorious allies assessed an indemnity of $333 million (US share: $24.5 million) --> later forgave $18 million - Chinese gov't set aside $$ to educate select group of Chinese students in the US as a gesture of goodwill --> later played significant role in westernizing Asia Platt Amendment (1901) ------ - efforts to qualify the relationship with Cuba --> left Cuba quasi-independent - US had control over its foreign policy (can protect Cuban independence and internal property) - reflected US concern of maintaining control over Cuba
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