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Side A ------ Side B
bureaucracy ------ According to Weber, a hierarchal authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, and behaves impersonally. Governs modern states.
patronage ------ A key inducement used by political machines. A job, promotion, or contract given for political reasons, not merit or competence.
Pendleton Civil Service Act ------ Passed in 1883. Created federal civil service so hiring would be based on merit, not privelege.
civil service ------ System of hiring/ promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create nonpartisan gov't. service.
merit principle ------ Hiring based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to make talented/skilled administration.
Hatch Act ------ Law prohibits gov't. emloyees from active participation in partisan politics.
Office of Personnel Management ------ In charge of hiring for most federal agencies. 
GS (General Schedule) Rating ------ Schedule for federal employees ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience.
Senior Executive Service ------ Elite cadre of about 9,000 federal gov't. managers, established by Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Mostly career officials, but some political appointees, not needing Senate confirmation.
independent regulatory commission ------ Gov't. agency responsible for some sector of the economy. Makes/ enforces rules to protect public interest. Judges disputes over these rules.
government corporation ------ Gov't. organization that, like business corporations, provides service that could be provided by private sector and typically charges(Ex: US Postal Service).
independent executive agency ------ Gov't. not accounted for by cabinet depts., independent regulatory commissions, and gov't. corporations. Administrators usually appointed by the president (Ex: NASA).
policy implementation ------ Stage of policymaking between establishment and consequences for whom it affects. Involves translating goals and objectives into operating, ongoing program.
standard operating procedure (SOP) ------ Used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable.
administrative discretion ------ Authority of administrors to select  response to a given problem. Greatest when SOP doesn't fit case.
street-level bureaucrats ------ Coined by Michael Lipsky. Refers to those in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion.
regulation ------ Use of gov't. autjority to control/ change a practice in private sector.
deregulation ------ Lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which gov't. rules have been established and bureaucracies created.
command-and-control policy ------ Typical system of regulation where gov't. tells businsses how to reach certain goals, checks that commands are followed, and punishes offenders.
incentive system ------ Use of marketlike strategies to manage public policy.
executive order ------ Regulations originating from executive branch. One method presidents can use to control bureaucracy.
iron triangle ------ Mutual relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees/ subcommittees. Dominates some areas of domestic policymaking.

Side A ------ Side B
bureaucracy ------ According to Weber, a hierarchal authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, and behaves impersonally. Governs modern states.
patronage ------ A key inducement used by political machines. A job, promotion, or contract given for political reasons, not merit or competence.
Pendleton Civil Service Act ------ Passed in 1883. Created federal civil service so hiring would be based on merit, not privelege.
civil service ------ System of hiring/ promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create nonpartisan gov't. service.
merit principle ------ Hiring based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to make talented/skilled administration.
Hatch Act ------ Law prohibits gov't. emloyees from active participation in partisan politics.
Office of Personnel Management ------ In charge of hiring for most federal agencies. 
GS (General Schedule) Rating ------ Schedule for federal employees ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience.
Senior Executive Service ------ Elite cadre of about 9,000 federal gov't. managers, established by Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Mostly career officials, but some political appointees, not needing Senate confirmation.
independent regulatory commission ------ Gov't. agency responsible for some sector of the economy. Makes/ enforces rules to protect public interest. Judges disputes over these rules.
government corporation ------ Gov't. organization that, like business corporations, provides service that could be provided by private sector and typically charges(Ex: US Postal Service).
independent executive agency ------ Gov't. not accounted for by cabinet depts., independent regulatory commissions, and gov't. corporations. Administrators usually appointed by the president (Ex: NASA).
policy implementation ------ Stage of policymaking between establishment and consequences for whom it affects. Involves translating goals and objectives into operating, ongoing program.
standard operating procedure (SOP) ------ Used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable.
administrative discretion ------ Authority of administrors to select  response to a given problem. Greatest when SOP doesn't fit case.
street-level bureaucrats ------ Coined by Michael Lipsky. Refers to those in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion.
regulation ------ Use of gov't. autjority to control/ change a practice in private sector.
deregulation ------ Lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which gov't. rules have been established and bureaucracies created.
command-and-control policy ------ Typical system of regulation where gov't. tells businsses how to reach certain goals, checks that commands are followed, and punishes offenders.
incentive system ------ Use of marketlike strategies to manage public policy.
executive order ------ Regulations originating from executive branch. One method presidents can use to control bureaucracy.
iron triangle ------ Mutual relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees/ subcommittees. Dominates some areas of domestic policymaking.