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Side A ------ Side B
When do redox reactions release energy? ------ When electrons move closer to electronegative atoms.
What does respiration generally involve? ------ Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
What does the Krebs cycle complete? ------ The energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. 
What does the inner mitochondrial membrane do? ------ Couples electron transport to ATP synthesis.
What generates many ATP molecules for each sugar molecule it oxidizes? ------ Cellular respiration 
What helps a cell systematically degrade complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products with less energy ------ Enzymes
Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called..? ------ Catabolic Pathways
Which catabolic process is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the help of oxygen? ------ Fermentation
Which catabolic pathway is most prevalent and efficient, and in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel? ------ Cellular Respiration
In eukaryotic cells, what houses most of the equipment for cellular repiration? ------ Mitochondria
What is the word equation for the overall process of Cellular Respiration?  ------ Organic Compounds + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide +Water+Energy
Into what does the C6H12O6 degrade ?  ------ 6CO2    6H20    and Energy (ATP+Heat)
What chemical drive shaft  (the pivotal molecule in cellular energetics) links catabolism to work? ------ ATP
What does ATP stand for? ------ Adnosine Triphosphate
When a cell taps triphosphate tail of ATP by using enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds...? ------ Phosphorylation- primes a molecule to undergo some kind of change that performs work, and the molecule loses its phosphate group in the process. 
What is the "price" of most cellular work? ------ The conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic molecules. 
What must a cell do to continue working? ------ Recycle ATP/ Regenerate ATP from ADP and inorganic molecules 
Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more (e-) from one reactant to another are called ? ------ Oxidation-reduction reactions  
Abrev. for Oxidation-reduction reactions ------ Redox Reactions
The loss of electrons is called...? ------ Oxidation 
In a redox reaction what agent is the electron donor and electron acceptor? ------ Electron donor is the REDUCING AGENT
Electron acceptor is the OXIDIZNG AGENT
The addition of electrons is called...? ------ Reduction
Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced, and what happends to the potential energy of the electrons? ------ Electrons loose potential energy.
Why does the rich reservoir of electrons in a cell not spontaneously combine with O2? ------ They lack the activation energy.
What lowers the barrier of activation energy, allowing fuels to be oxidized slowly? ------ Enzymes
Does cellular respiration  oxidize glucose in a single step? Explain. ------ No. Glucose and other fuels are broken down gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Dehydrogenase enzymes do what? ------ Strip two hydrogen atoms from the fuel (e.g., glucose), pass two electrons and one proton to NAD+ and release H+.

When is  energy is tapped to synthesize ATP? ------  As electrons “fall” from NADH to oxygen.
Cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to..? ------ Break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps.

Respiration occurs in three metabolic stages:  ------ 1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs  cycle
3) e-transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
What occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation by breaking glucose into two molecules of compound called pyruvate? ------ Glycolysis
Which takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, completes the job by composing a deribative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide?  ------ Krebs Cycle
Are some of the steps of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle redox reactions from NAD+ to NADH? ------ Yes
The energy released at each step of the chain is sotred in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP. This mode of ATP synthesis is called? ------ Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidtaive phosphorylation accounts for what percent of ATP generated by repiration?  ------ 90%
What is substrate-level phosphorylation? ------ Mode of ATP synthess that occurs when an enzye transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP. 
How does glycolysis harvest chemical energy? ------  It begins catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis occurs in the...? ------ Cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle occurs in the..? ------ Mitochondrial matrix.

The Krebs cycle degrades pyruvate to...? ------ Carbon Dioxide.
What does ATP synthase do? ------ This enzyme actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 
During glycolysis, glucose, a six carbon-sugar, is split into..? ------ Two, three-carbon sugars
Each of the ten steps in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific..? ------ Enzyme
Glycolysis can be divided into two phases..? ------ an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.

The net yield from glycolysis is... ? ------ 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose.

CO2 is not produced in glycolysis? ------ True
Glycolysis occurs whether O2 is present or not?
 ------ True
The Krebs cycle is named after __________  who was largely responsible for elucidating its pathways in the ____ ------ Hans Krebs
1930's
The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle produces large quantities of ...? ------ Electron Carriers
What is the cristae? ------ The inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Does The electron transport chain generates  ATP directly?
 ------ NO!
What is the function of the Electron Transport chain in Respiration? ------ Break the large free energy drop from food to oxygen into a series of smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts.
How much ATP is generated in each of the Metabolic stages of Respiration ------ Glycolysis  2 ATP
Krebs Cycle  2 ATP
Electron Transport chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation  34 ATP
Fermenation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of...? ------ Oxygen
Anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients can occur by what? ------ Fermentation
In _____ fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps? ------ Alcohol 
During __________ fermentation, pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate as a waste product.  ------ Lactic Acid
Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when...? ------ Oxygen is scarce. 
Is Cellular respiration remarkably efficient in energy conversion? 
 ------ Yes
Electrons "fall" from organic molecules to oxygen during...? ------ Cellular respiration

Side A ------ Side B
When do redox reactions release energy? ------ When electrons move closer to electronegative atoms.
What does respiration generally involve? ------ Glycolysis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport
What does the Krebs cycle complete? ------ The energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. 
What does the inner mitochondrial membrane do? ------ Couples electron transport to ATP synthesis.
What generates many ATP molecules for each sugar molecule it oxidizes? ------ Cellular respiration 
What helps a cell systematically degrade complex organic molecules that are rich in potential energy to simpler waste products with less energy ------ Enzymes
Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking down complex molecules are called..? ------ Catabolic Pathways
Which catabolic process is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the help of oxygen? ------ Fermentation
Which catabolic pathway is most prevalent and efficient, and in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel? ------ Cellular Respiration
In eukaryotic cells, what houses most of the equipment for cellular repiration? ------ Mitochondria
What is the word equation for the overall process of Cellular Respiration?  ------ Organic Compounds + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide +Water+Energy
Into what does the C6H12O6 degrade ?  ------ 6CO2    6H20    and Energy (ATP+Heat)
What chemical drive shaft  (the pivotal molecule in cellular energetics) links catabolism to work? ------ ATP
What does ATP stand for? ------ Adnosine Triphosphate
When a cell taps triphosphate tail of ATP by using enzymes to transfer phosphate groups from ATP to other compounds...? ------ Phosphorylation- primes a molecule to undergo some kind of change that performs work, and the molecule loses its phosphate group in the process. 
What is the "price" of most cellular work? ------ The conversion of ATP to ADP and inorganic molecules. 
What must a cell do to continue working? ------ Recycle ATP/ Regenerate ATP from ADP and inorganic molecules 
Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more (e-) from one reactant to another are called ? ------ Oxidation-reduction reactions  
Abrev. for Oxidation-reduction reactions ------ Redox Reactions
The loss of electrons is called...? ------ Oxidation 
In a redox reaction what agent is the electron donor and electron acceptor? ------ Electron donor is the REDUCING AGENT
Electron acceptor is the OXIDIZNG AGENT
The addition of electrons is called...? ------ Reduction
Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced, and what happends to the potential energy of the electrons? ------ Electrons loose potential energy.
Why does the rich reservoir of electrons in a cell not spontaneously combine with O2? ------ They lack the activation energy.
What lowers the barrier of activation energy, allowing fuels to be oxidized slowly? ------ Enzymes
Does cellular respiration  oxidize glucose in a single step? Explain. ------ No. Glucose and other fuels are broken down gradually in a series of steps, each catalyzed by a specific enzyme
Dehydrogenase enzymes do what? ------ Strip two hydrogen atoms from the fuel (e.g., glucose), pass two electrons and one proton to NAD+ and release H+.

When is  energy is tapped to synthesize ATP? ------  As electrons “fall” from NADH to oxygen.
Cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to..? ------ Break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps.

Respiration occurs in three metabolic stages:  ------ 1) Glycolysis
2) Krebs  cycle
3) e-transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
What occurs in the cytosol, begins the degradation by breaking glucose into two molecules of compound called pyruvate? ------ Glycolysis
Which takes place within the mitochondrial matrix, completes the job by composing a deribative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide?  ------ Krebs Cycle
Are some of the steps of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle redox reactions from NAD+ to NADH? ------ Yes
The energy released at each step of the chain is sotred in a form the mitochondrion can use to make ATP. This mode of ATP synthesis is called? ------ Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidtaive phosphorylation accounts for what percent of ATP generated by repiration?  ------ 90%
What is substrate-level phosphorylation? ------ Mode of ATP synthess that occurs when an enzye transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP. 
How does glycolysis harvest chemical energy? ------  It begins catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis occurs in the...? ------ Cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle occurs in the..? ------ Mitochondrial matrix.

The Krebs cycle degrades pyruvate to...? ------ Carbon Dioxide.
What does ATP synthase do? ------ This enzyme actually makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. 
During glycolysis, glucose, a six carbon-sugar, is split into..? ------ Two, three-carbon sugars
Each of the ten steps in glycolysis is catalyzed by a specific..? ------ Enzyme
Glycolysis can be divided into two phases..? ------ an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase.

The net yield from glycolysis is... ? ------ 2 ATP and 2 NADH per glucose.

CO2 is not produced in glycolysis? ------ True
Glycolysis occurs whether O2 is present or not?
 ------ True
The Krebs cycle is named after __________  who was largely responsible for elucidating its pathways in the ____ ------ Hans Krebs
1930's
The conversion of pyruvate and the Krebs cycle produces large quantities of ...? ------ Electron Carriers
What is the cristae? ------ The inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

Does The electron transport chain generates  ATP directly?
 ------ NO!
What is the function of the Electron Transport chain in Respiration? ------ Break the large free energy drop from food to oxygen into a series of smaller steps that release energy in manageable amounts.
How much ATP is generated in each of the Metabolic stages of Respiration ------ Glycolysis  2 ATP
Krebs Cycle  2 ATP
Electron Transport chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation  34 ATP
Fermenation enables some cells to produce ATP without the help of...? ------ Oxygen
Anaerobic catabolism of organic nutrients can occur by what? ------ Fermentation
In _____ fermentation, pyruvate is converted to ethanol in two steps? ------ Alcohol 
During __________ fermentation, pyruvate is directly reduced by NADH to form lactate as a waste product.  ------ Lactic Acid
Human muscle cells make ATP by lactic acid fermentation when...? ------ Oxygen is scarce. 
Is Cellular respiration remarkably efficient in energy conversion? 
 ------ Yes
Electrons "fall" from organic molecules to oxygen during...? ------ Cellular respiration