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Side A ------ Side B
Information monitored and gathered from inside and outside the body ------ Sensory Input
What is Integration? ------ processing of sensory input
A response sent out to body through efferent pathway to organs like muscles or glands ------ motor output
CNS defintion.... made up of what? ------ Central Nervous System..... brain and spinal cord
What is the structure and function of the CNS? ------ Structure:  Brain and Spinal CordFunction: Control Center and Integration of Sensory Input
What are the 5 levels of awareness (from basic to vital) of the CNS ------ 1. Spinal Cord2. Brain Stem3. Brain4. Limbic System5. Cortex/Neocortex
What part of the CNS handles simple jobs like basic reflexes, urination, or knee-jerk? ------ The Spinal Cord
What part of the CNS handles vital signs/functions like swallowing, coughing, heart rate, or blood pressure? ------ The Brain Stem
What part of the CNS contains centers for homeostasis like Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal glands? ------ The Brain
What part of the CNS handles emotions like fear, sex drive, submission, domination, sympathy, empathy, learning, and intuition (gut feeling/warning signs)? ------ The Limbic System
What part of the CNS handles consiousness, voluntary orders of movement? ------ The Cortex
What part of the CNS handles higher functions like language, complex thoughts, and spacial reasoning? ------ The Neocortex
What 2 regions of the CNS are connected with regard to psychosomatic diseases? ------ The Brain (homeostasis)The Limbic System (emotions)
What are the effector organs in the motor output that produce a response?   ------ Muscles and Glands
What system is a Voluntary Motor Response? Example (1) ------ Somatic Nervous System or SNS (Skeletal Muscles)
What system is an Involuntary Motor Response? Example (2) ------ Autonomic Nervous System or ANS(Visceral Muscles, Glands)
What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? ------ Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What is the Sympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for ?  Organ Example (1) ------ Activates during activity or emergencies(Heart)
What is the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for?  Organ Example (1) ------ Energy Conservation, Maintenance, Housekeeping type functions(the Bladder)
The Spinal and Cranial Nerves are made up of how many pairs respectively? ------ 31 and 12
What is the structure and function of the PSN ------ Structure: Cranial & Spinal NervesFunction: Communication lines between CNS & body
What is the structure and function of the Sensory (afferent) Division ------ Structure:  Somatic & Visceral Nerve FibersFunction: Conduct impulses to CNS
What is the structure and function of the Motor (efferent) Division ------ Structure:  Somatic & Autonomic Nerve FibersFunction:  Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors
What is the structure and function of the SNS ------ Structure:  Somatic (voluntary) motorFunction:  Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
What is the structure and function (2) of the ANS ------ Structure: Visceral (involuntary) motorFunction:  Conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
What is the function of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS ------ Function:  Mobilizes body system during activity or emergency (heart, ex)
What is the function of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS ------ Function:  Conserving Energy and Housekeeping(the bladder)
What are the 2 principle Nerve Cell Types? ------ Neurons & Neuroglia (glial cells)
What type of nerve cell does not expand, has limited stem cell, and is an excitable cell. ------ Neuron
What type of nerve cell is a supporting cell that can grow, has stem cells, and can become cancerous ------ Neuroglia
What are the 5 types of Neuroglia? ------ Astrocytes (CNS)Ependymal Cells (CNS- line brain vetricles)Microglia (CNS- brain phagocytesOligodendrocytes (CNS - myelin sheet)Schwann Cells (PNS - myelin sheet)
Astrocytes (type of cell, shape, where, function (2) ------ Glial cell (Most abundant)branchedCling to neurons, capillaries & synaptic endingsControl chemical environment around synapseSupport neurons and form part of Blood, Brain, Barrier
What glial cell is a brain phagocyte? ------ Microglia
What glial cell lines the brain ventricles and move the cerebrospinal fluid with their cilia? ------ Ependymal Cell
What glial cells form the myelin sheaths in the CNS/PNS?Which one forms neurilemma? ------ Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann Cells (PNS)Schwann Cells
Neurons: Lifespan? Mitotic or Amitotic? Metabolic Rate High or Low?  Function of Neuronal Membrane? ------ 100 years of moreAmitoticHighElectrical Signaling
Cell Body:  2 other names?   ------ Perikaryon or Soma
What is the Blood-Brain Barrier ------ A separation maintained by astrocytes (a go-between) that keeps toxins flowing in the blood stream from entering the brain. 
What are protective, insulating coverings of neuron fibers that increase impulse speed called? ------ myelin sheaths
Clusters of Neuron bodies in the CNS are called? ------ Nuclei
Clusters of Neuron bodies and dendrites in the PNS are called?  In the CNS? (2)....   What color matter? ------ Ganglia (PNS)  ** although PNS is mainly Nerves **Cortex and Basal Nuclei (CNS)Gray
Armlike extensions from the cell body of all neurons ------ Processes
Processes in the CNS are called?  in the PNS? ------ Tracts (CNS)Nerves (PNS)
What are the 2 neuron processes of the body called? ------ Dendrites and Axons
Short process that is main receptive or input region.  (Neurons have many of these) ------ Dendrite
Single process of a Neuron that is typically very long and conducts impulses away from cell body ------ Axon
Occasional 'fork in the road' of an axon ------ Axon Collateral
End of the road of an axon (branched profusely) (3 different names) ------ Axon TerminalSynaptic KnobBouton ('button')
The initial, cone-shaped region of a neuron's conducting process ------ Axon Hillock
A LONG axon is called? ------ Nerve Fiber
Signals sent TOWARD the cell body from the dendrites needs to be added up....called? ------ Graded Potential
impulses are generated in the region between the axon hillock and the axon and called? ------ Trigger Zone
impulses are conveyed along the axon to the axon terminals which are the ___________ region of the neuron? ------ Secretory Region
Signaling chemicals stored in vesicles at the axon terminals? ------ Neurotransmitters
The nucleus and cytoplasmic bulge on the myelin sheath of Schwann Cells is called? ------ Neurilemma
Schwann cells leave gaps between each other at regular intervals called? ------ Nodes of Ranvier
The brain's white matter is composed of ?  The gray matter? ------ Myelinated Fibers (White)Nerve Cell Bodies and Unmyelinated Fibers (Gray)
What is the plasma membrane region of the axon through which the impulse is conducted? ------ Axolemma
Where can pharmaceuticals effect, enhance, or stop signals? ------ Synapse/ Axon Terminal / Bouton
Transport proteins direction that move material toward axon terminal?   What would move in this direction? ------ Anterogrademitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
Transport proteins direction that move material toward cell body?   What would move in this direction? ------ Retrogradeorganelles for degrading, signaling molecules, viruses (Rabies & Herpes), and bacterial toxins (bad)
Neurotransmitters function is to  __________ or _________ other cell bodies ------ Stimulate or Inhibit
'AP' stand for?  and it travels over what? ------ Action PotentialAxolemma
Clusters of myelinated fibers in the CNS called? (2) ....in the PNS?  What color matter? ------ Tracts or Columns (CNS)Nerves (PNS)White
What are the 3 types of Neurons? ------ Sensory (Afferent)Interneuron (Shuttle between)Motor (Efferent)
Which is faster Continuous Conduction (unmyelated) or Saltatory Conduction (myelated)?  How much faster?  Why? ------ Saltatory Conduction30 times fasterInsulation prevents ion/voltage leakage so impulse doesn't decay
Neurons that make up 99% of the neurons in the body? ------ Interneurons
What membrane channels are always open? (2 names) ------ Leakage Channels or Non-Gated Channels
What membrane channels open when a neurotransmitter binds? (2 names) ------ Chemically Gated or Ligand-Gated Channels
What membrane channels open/close in response to changes in membrane potential? ------ Voltage-gated Channels
Movement according to concentration gradient and electrical gradient (opposite charges) forms what type of cumulative gradient?  ------ Electrochemical Gradient
What is the approximate mV of a membrane (inside or cytoplasmic side) at Resting Membrane Potential?Why negative? ------ -70mVK+ diffuses out of cell (toward it's low gradient) faster than Na+ can diffuse in (toward it's low gradient)
which ion, K+ or Na+, is in greater quantity inside the cell?outside cell? ------ K+ (inside)Na+ (outside)
What stops Na+ and K+ diffusion through membrane from becoming even? ------ Sodium-Potassium Pump pumps out  3 Na+ and brings in 2 K+, maintaining/restoring -70mV
When the mV of a membrane becomes less negative (moves closer to zero or above zero) it is called? ------ Depolarization
When the mV of a membrane becomes more negative (moves further from zero or resting potential) it is called? ------ Hyperpolarization
Changes in the membrane potential can produce what 2 types of signals? ------ Graded Potentials (short, incoming signals-Dendrites)Action Potentials (long, outgoing signals-Axons)
Cell membranes that conduct impulses over muscles fibers are called? ------ Sarcolemma
What are the two synaptic gap junctions that signals are sent over called? ------ Neuroneural Junctions (NNJ)Neuromuscular Junctions (NMJ)
In order for a neuron to signal, the AP must be __________ along the axon's entire length ------ Propogated  (then it is self-propogated once threshold is reached)
What is sodium's voltage-gated channel's 'Threshold of Sensitivity' ? ------ -55mV
Once local voltage causes a threshold to be reached and a self-propogating depolarization occurs, what is generated? ------ an Action Potential
outgoing signals are ____________potential and go over the __________membrane.incoming signals are ___________potential and go over the __________membrane ------ Action (potential) / AxolemmaGraded (potential) / Dendrolemma
What is the total amplitude of an Action Potential (AP) ------ 100mV (-70mV to +30mV)
Do Graded Potentials decrease over distance/time?  Action Potentials? ------ Graded - yesAction - no
Repolarization (AP-3) restores which, resting electrical conditions or resting ionic conditions? ------ Resting Electrical Conditions
What restores resting ionic conditions after AP? ------ Sodium-Potassium Pump
The CNS determines the intensity of a stimulus by what? ------ Frequency of impulses
Action Potential is a brief ______________________ ------ reversal of the membrane potential (charge)
AP's resting state has ________ion channels open and ___________ ion channels closed. ------ Leakage (open)Na+ and K+ (closed) 
AP conduction is called a ____________. ------ Propogation
No impulses can go through during the ________period, and only extremely strong impulses can go through during the ________period. ------ Absolute Refractory PeriodRelative Refractory Period
Conducts an impulse toward a synapse ------ Presynaptic Neuron
Conducts an impulse away from a synapse ------ Postsynaptic Neuron
What are the 3 types of Synapses? ------ Axodendritic SynapseAxosomatic SynapseAxoaxonic Synapse
A Chemical Synapse is typically composes of what two parts? ------ Axon Terminal containing synaptic vessicles (w/ neurotransmitters) of presynaptic NeuronReception region of postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neuron across synaptic cleft to receptor region of postsynaptic cleft ensures that what will happen? ------ Unidirectional communication between neurons.
What kind of channels are on the postsynaptic neuron at the synaptic cleft? ------ Ligand-gated channels (or chemical-gated channels)
What 3 possible events happen to the neurotransmitter once the effect is terminated? ------ Reuptake (in presynaptic neuron)Degradation (by enzymes in extracellular fluid)Diffusion away (from Synaptic Cleft in ECF)
When neurotransmitter binds to the ligand-gated channel, what happens? (2) ------ Ion gradient flow (Na+/K+)Graded Potential (along postsynaptic membrane/cycle repeats)
How long is Synaptic Delay? ------  0.3 - 5.0 ms
a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of Na+/K+ channels and a graded potential, bringing the membrane closer to an AP threshold. ------ Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of K+/Cl- and movement AWAY from the AP threshold ------ Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
What is responsible for the coupling of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle fibers? ------ Calcium
A 'Triad' is made up of what? ------ 2 terminal cisternae and 1 Terminal (T) Tubule
The Terminal Cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) is connected to the T Tubule via what? ------ Voltage-gated Calcium Channels (proteins)
When calcium ions bind to troponin, what happens? ------ Troponin changes shape and causes the bound tropomyosin to move off of Actin binding sites.
What type of tranport causes Ca+, Na+, and K+ to return to their resting ionic potential? ------ Active Transport via ATP driven pumps
granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during periods of muscle cell activity ------ glycosomes
Red pigment in muscles that store oxygen ------ myoglobin
Giant protein elastic filament that attaches to the Z disc and the thick filament that helps the muscle cell spring back after being stretched ------ Titin
The name of the neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft of Neuromuscular Junction for contractions, also CNS, and some ANS neurons? ------ Acetylcholine (ACh)
Enzymatic breakdown of ACh is done by what enzyme?What is ACh broken down into? ------ AcetylcholinesteraseAcetic Acid & Choline
One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order during __________ summation ------ Temporal
Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time during ___________ summation. ------ Spatial
Dopamine, NADR (NE)/ADR, Serotonin, and Histamine are types of what and part of this group ------ NeurotransmittersBiological Amines
GABA and Glutamate are types of what and part of this group.Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory? ------ NeurotransmittersAmino AcidsGABA - InhibitoryGlutamate - Excitatory
Substance P and Endorphins are types of what and part of this group.Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory? ------ NeurotransmittersPeptidesSubstance P - ExcitatoryEndorphins - Inhibitory
Morphine, Heroin, and Methadone mimic what? ------ Endorphins
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate work by doing what? ------ Blocking receptor sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle, Adenosine.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle ------ Adenosine
Neurotransmitter, Endocannabinoid, is linked to what drug and it's effects? ------ Marijuana, increased appetite, memory loss
What type processing when one input travels one pathway to a specific destination resulting in the same, predictable response?    Example? ------ Serial ProcessingReflexes
What type of processing when one input travels along several pathways producing several responses.  Example? ------ Parallel ProcessingA smell reminds of the odor and an associated experience.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory neurotransmitter except in the _______________ ------ Heart
Inhibitory CNS amino acid neurotransmitter is ___________, and excitatory is ____________ ------ GABAGlutamate
Substance P is blocked by ___________ ------ Endorphins

Side A ------ Side B
Information monitored and gathered from inside and outside the body ------ Sensory Input
What is Integration? ------ processing of sensory input
A response sent out to body through efferent pathway to organs like muscles or glands ------ motor output
CNS defintion.... made up of what? ------ Central Nervous System..... brain and spinal cord
What is the structure and function of the CNS? ------ Structure:  Brain and Spinal CordFunction: Control Center and Integration of Sensory Input
What are the 5 levels of awareness (from basic to vital) of the CNS ------ 1. Spinal Cord2. Brain Stem3. Brain4. Limbic System5. Cortex/Neocortex
What part of the CNS handles simple jobs like basic reflexes, urination, or knee-jerk? ------ The Spinal Cord
What part of the CNS handles vital signs/functions like swallowing, coughing, heart rate, or blood pressure? ------ The Brain Stem
What part of the CNS contains centers for homeostasis like Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal glands? ------ The Brain
What part of the CNS handles emotions like fear, sex drive, submission, domination, sympathy, empathy, learning, and intuition (gut feeling/warning signs)? ------ The Limbic System
What part of the CNS handles consiousness, voluntary orders of movement? ------ The Cortex
What part of the CNS handles higher functions like language, complex thoughts, and spacial reasoning? ------ The Neocortex
What 2 regions of the CNS are connected with regard to psychosomatic diseases? ------ The Brain (homeostasis)The Limbic System (emotions)
What are the effector organs in the motor output that produce a response?   ------ Muscles and Glands
What system is a Voluntary Motor Response? Example (1) ------ Somatic Nervous System or SNS (Skeletal Muscles)
What system is an Involuntary Motor Response? Example (2) ------ Autonomic Nervous System or ANS(Visceral Muscles, Glands)
What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System? ------ Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
What is the Sympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for ?  Organ Example (1) ------ Activates during activity or emergencies(Heart)
What is the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for?  Organ Example (1) ------ Energy Conservation, Maintenance, Housekeeping type functions(the Bladder)
The Spinal and Cranial Nerves are made up of how many pairs respectively? ------ 31 and 12
What is the structure and function of the PSN ------ Structure: Cranial & Spinal NervesFunction: Communication lines between CNS & body
What is the structure and function of the Sensory (afferent) Division ------ Structure:  Somatic & Visceral Nerve FibersFunction: Conduct impulses to CNS
What is the structure and function of the Motor (efferent) Division ------ Structure:  Somatic & Autonomic Nerve FibersFunction:  Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors
What is the structure and function of the SNS ------ Structure:  Somatic (voluntary) motorFunction:  Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
What is the structure and function (2) of the ANS ------ Structure: Visceral (involuntary) motorFunction:  Conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
What is the function of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS ------ Function:  Mobilizes body system during activity or emergency (heart, ex)
What is the function of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS ------ Function:  Conserving Energy and Housekeeping(the bladder)
What are the 2 principle Nerve Cell Types? ------ Neurons & Neuroglia (glial cells)
What type of nerve cell does not expand, has limited stem cell, and is an excitable cell. ------ Neuron
What type of nerve cell is a supporting cell that can grow, has stem cells, and can become cancerous ------ Neuroglia
What are the 5 types of Neuroglia? ------ Astrocytes (CNS)Ependymal Cells (CNS- line brain vetricles)Microglia (CNS- brain phagocytesOligodendrocytes (CNS - myelin sheet)Schwann Cells (PNS - myelin sheet)
Astrocytes (type of cell, shape, where, function (2) ------ Glial cell (Most abundant)branchedCling to neurons, capillaries & synaptic endingsControl chemical environment around synapseSupport neurons and form part of Blood, Brain, Barrier
What glial cell is a brain phagocyte? ------ Microglia
What glial cell lines the brain ventricles and move the cerebrospinal fluid with their cilia? ------ Ependymal Cell
What glial cells form the myelin sheaths in the CNS/PNS?Which one forms neurilemma? ------ Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann Cells (PNS)Schwann Cells
Neurons: Lifespan? Mitotic or Amitotic? Metabolic Rate High or Low?  Function of Neuronal Membrane? ------ 100 years of moreAmitoticHighElectrical Signaling
Cell Body:  2 other names?   ------ Perikaryon or Soma
What is the Blood-Brain Barrier ------ A separation maintained by astrocytes (a go-between) that keeps toxins flowing in the blood stream from entering the brain. 
What are protective, insulating coverings of neuron fibers that increase impulse speed called? ------ myelin sheaths
Clusters of Neuron bodies in the CNS are called? ------ Nuclei
Clusters of Neuron bodies and dendrites in the PNS are called?  In the CNS? (2)....   What color matter? ------ Ganglia (PNS)  ** although PNS is mainly Nerves **Cortex and Basal Nuclei (CNS)Gray
Armlike extensions from the cell body of all neurons ------ Processes
Processes in the CNS are called?  in the PNS? ------ Tracts (CNS)Nerves (PNS)
What are the 2 neuron processes of the body called? ------ Dendrites and Axons
Short process that is main receptive or input region.  (Neurons have many of these) ------ Dendrite
Single process of a Neuron that is typically very long and conducts impulses away from cell body ------ Axon
Occasional 'fork in the road' of an axon ------ Axon Collateral
End of the road of an axon (branched profusely) (3 different names) ------ Axon TerminalSynaptic KnobBouton ('button')
The initial, cone-shaped region of a neuron's conducting process ------ Axon Hillock
A LONG axon is called? ------ Nerve Fiber
Signals sent TOWARD the cell body from the dendrites needs to be added up....called? ------ Graded Potential
impulses are generated in the region between the axon hillock and the axon and called? ------ Trigger Zone
impulses are conveyed along the axon to the axon terminals which are the ___________ region of the neuron? ------ Secretory Region
Signaling chemicals stored in vesicles at the axon terminals? ------ Neurotransmitters
The nucleus and cytoplasmic bulge on the myelin sheath of Schwann Cells is called? ------ Neurilemma
Schwann cells leave gaps between each other at regular intervals called? ------ Nodes of Ranvier
The brain's white matter is composed of ?  The gray matter? ------ Myelinated Fibers (White)Nerve Cell Bodies and Unmyelinated Fibers (Gray)
What is the plasma membrane region of the axon through which the impulse is conducted? ------ Axolemma
Where can pharmaceuticals effect, enhance, or stop signals? ------ Synapse/ Axon Terminal / Bouton
Transport proteins direction that move material toward axon terminal?   What would move in this direction? ------ Anterogrademitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
Transport proteins direction that move material toward cell body?   What would move in this direction? ------ Retrogradeorganelles for degrading, signaling molecules, viruses (Rabies & Herpes), and bacterial toxins (bad)
Neurotransmitters function is to  __________ or _________ other cell bodies ------ Stimulate or Inhibit
'AP' stand for?  and it travels over what? ------ Action PotentialAxolemma
Clusters of myelinated fibers in the CNS called? (2) ....in the PNS?  What color matter? ------ Tracts or Columns (CNS)Nerves (PNS)White
What are the 3 types of Neurons? ------ Sensory (Afferent)Interneuron (Shuttle between)Motor (Efferent)
Which is faster Continuous Conduction (unmyelated) or Saltatory Conduction (myelated)?  How much faster?  Why? ------ Saltatory Conduction30 times fasterInsulation prevents ion/voltage leakage so impulse doesn't decay
Neurons that make up 99% of the neurons in the body? ------ Interneurons
What membrane channels are always open? (2 names) ------ Leakage Channels or Non-Gated Channels
What membrane channels open when a neurotransmitter binds? (2 names) ------ Chemically Gated or Ligand-Gated Channels
What membrane channels open/close in response to changes in membrane potential? ------ Voltage-gated Channels
Movement according to concentration gradient and electrical gradient (opposite charges) forms what type of cumulative gradient?  ------ Electrochemical Gradient
What is the approximate mV of a membrane (inside or cytoplasmic side) at Resting Membrane Potential?Why negative? ------ -70mVK+ diffuses out of cell (toward it's low gradient) faster than Na+ can diffuse in (toward it's low gradient)
which ion, K+ or Na+, is in greater quantity inside the cell?outside cell? ------ K+ (inside)Na+ (outside)
What stops Na+ and K+ diffusion through membrane from becoming even? ------ Sodium-Potassium Pump pumps out  3 Na+ and brings in 2 K+, maintaining/restoring -70mV
When the mV of a membrane becomes less negative (moves closer to zero or above zero) it is called? ------ Depolarization
When the mV of a membrane becomes more negative (moves further from zero or resting potential) it is called? ------ Hyperpolarization
Changes in the membrane potential can produce what 2 types of signals? ------ Graded Potentials (short, incoming signals-Dendrites)Action Potentials (long, outgoing signals-Axons)
Cell membranes that conduct impulses over muscles fibers are called? ------ Sarcolemma
What are the two synaptic gap junctions that signals are sent over called? ------ Neuroneural Junctions (NNJ)Neuromuscular Junctions (NMJ)
In order for a neuron to signal, the AP must be __________ along the axon's entire length ------ Propogated  (then it is self-propogated once threshold is reached)
What is sodium's voltage-gated channel's 'Threshold of Sensitivity' ? ------ -55mV
Once local voltage causes a threshold to be reached and a self-propogating depolarization occurs, what is generated? ------ an Action Potential
outgoing signals are ____________potential and go over the __________membrane.incoming signals are ___________potential and go over the __________membrane ------ Action (potential) / AxolemmaGraded (potential) / Dendrolemma
What is the total amplitude of an Action Potential (AP) ------ 100mV (-70mV to +30mV)
Do Graded Potentials decrease over distance/time?  Action Potentials? ------ Graded - yesAction - no
Repolarization (AP-3) restores which, resting electrical conditions or resting ionic conditions? ------ Resting Electrical Conditions
What restores resting ionic conditions after AP? ------ Sodium-Potassium Pump
The CNS determines the intensity of a stimulus by what? ------ Frequency of impulses
Action Potential is a brief ______________________ ------ reversal of the membrane potential (charge)
AP's resting state has ________ion channels open and ___________ ion channels closed. ------ Leakage (open)Na+ and K+ (closed) 
AP conduction is called a ____________. ------ Propogation
No impulses can go through during the ________period, and only extremely strong impulses can go through during the ________period. ------ Absolute Refractory PeriodRelative Refractory Period
Conducts an impulse toward a synapse ------ Presynaptic Neuron
Conducts an impulse away from a synapse ------ Postsynaptic Neuron
What are the 3 types of Synapses? ------ Axodendritic SynapseAxosomatic SynapseAxoaxonic Synapse
A Chemical Synapse is typically composes of what two parts? ------ Axon Terminal containing synaptic vessicles (w/ neurotransmitters) of presynaptic NeuronReception region of postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neuron across synaptic cleft to receptor region of postsynaptic cleft ensures that what will happen? ------ Unidirectional communication between neurons.
What kind of channels are on the postsynaptic neuron at the synaptic cleft? ------ Ligand-gated channels (or chemical-gated channels)
What 3 possible events happen to the neurotransmitter once the effect is terminated? ------ Reuptake (in presynaptic neuron)Degradation (by enzymes in extracellular fluid)Diffusion away (from Synaptic Cleft in ECF)
When neurotransmitter binds to the ligand-gated channel, what happens? (2) ------ Ion gradient flow (Na+/K+)Graded Potential (along postsynaptic membrane/cycle repeats)
How long is Synaptic Delay? ------  0.3 - 5.0 ms
a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of Na+/K+ channels and a graded potential, bringing the membrane closer to an AP threshold. ------ Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of K+/Cl- and movement AWAY from the AP threshold ------ Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
What is responsible for the coupling of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle fibers? ------ Calcium
A 'Triad' is made up of what? ------ 2 terminal cisternae and 1 Terminal (T) Tubule
The Terminal Cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) is connected to the T Tubule via what? ------ Voltage-gated Calcium Channels (proteins)
When calcium ions bind to troponin, what happens? ------ Troponin changes shape and causes the bound tropomyosin to move off of Actin binding sites.
What type of tranport causes Ca+, Na+, and K+ to return to their resting ionic potential? ------ Active Transport via ATP driven pumps
granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during periods of muscle cell activity ------ glycosomes
Red pigment in muscles that store oxygen ------ myoglobin
Giant protein elastic filament that attaches to the Z disc and the thick filament that helps the muscle cell spring back after being stretched ------ Titin
The name of the neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft of Neuromuscular Junction for contractions, also CNS, and some ANS neurons? ------ Acetylcholine (ACh)
Enzymatic breakdown of ACh is done by what enzyme?What is ACh broken down into? ------ AcetylcholinesteraseAcetic Acid & Choline
One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order during __________ summation ------ Temporal
Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time during ___________ summation. ------ Spatial
Dopamine, NADR (NE)/ADR, Serotonin, and Histamine are types of what and part of this group ------ NeurotransmittersBiological Amines
GABA and Glutamate are types of what and part of this group.Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory? ------ NeurotransmittersAmino AcidsGABA - InhibitoryGlutamate - Excitatory
Substance P and Endorphins are types of what and part of this group.Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory? ------ NeurotransmittersPeptidesSubstance P - ExcitatoryEndorphins - Inhibitory
Morphine, Heroin, and Methadone mimic what? ------ Endorphins
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate work by doing what? ------ Blocking receptor sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle, Adenosine.
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle ------ Adenosine
Neurotransmitter, Endocannabinoid, is linked to what drug and it's effects? ------ Marijuana, increased appetite, memory loss
What type processing when one input travels one pathway to a specific destination resulting in the same, predictable response?    Example? ------ Serial ProcessingReflexes
What type of processing when one input travels along several pathways producing several responses.  Example? ------ Parallel ProcessingA smell reminds of the odor and an associated experience.
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory neurotransmitter except in the _______________ ------ Heart
Inhibitory CNS amino acid neurotransmitter is ___________, and excitatory is ____________ ------ GABAGlutamate
Substance P is blocked by ___________ ------ Endorphins