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What is a nerve? |
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A bundle of hundreds to thousands of axons, C.T and blood vessels that lies outside the braind and spinal cord. |
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Spinal Cord |
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Contains 31 pairs of spinal nerves |
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Ganglia |
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"Swelling or knot"
Small masses of nervous tissue, mostly body cells of neurons, outside the brain and spinal cord.
Associated with cranial, spinal nerves.
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`Enteris plexuses |
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The extensive networks of neurons in walls of organs and GI tract. |
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Sensory receptors |
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Dendrites of sensory neurons, or separate, specialized cells that monitor chainges in internal, external environments.
Photoreceptors in retina of eye.
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Functions of nervous system |
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Carries out complex tasks: sensing smells, producing speech, providing signals that control body movments, etc. |
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Sensory function |
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Sensory receptors that detect internal stimuli:
Inc. in blood acidity
External: raindrop landing on arm.
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Sensory (Afferent) neurons |
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Carry information from lower level to higher level in spinal cord and brain. |
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Integrative function |
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Intergrates (processes) sensory information by analyzing and storing some of it and making decisions. |
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Interneurons |
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Many neurons that participate in integration.
The axons extend only for a short distance, contact nearby neurons in brain, spinal cord or ganglion.
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Motor function |
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Responding to integration decisions. |
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Effectors |
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Cells and organs contacted by motor neurons in cranial and spinal nerves. |
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Central nervous system (CNS) |
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Brain and spinal cord: Thoughts, memories and emotions. |
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
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All nerves, except brain and spinal cord. Include cranial, spinal nerves, their branches, ganglia and sensory receptors. |
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Axillary nerve |
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Supplies the deltoid and teres minor muscles. |
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Ipsilateral |
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on or relating to the same side (of the body) |
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Transverse |
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Down middle |
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Epigastric region |
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Top middle |
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Hypogastric region |
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lower middle |
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illiac region |
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lower left/right side of nines |
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Lumbar region |
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middle left/right side of nines |
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Anatomincal position |
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Standing erect, with feet and palms facing forward. |
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Polyunsaturated fats |
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contain more than 1 dbl covalent bond between fatty acid carbon atoms.
e.g: canola, linoleic, corn, safflower and soybean oil.
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tRNA |
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Transfer RNA - carries amino acids into ribosomes and bonds with mRNA for protein production. |
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Integral protein |
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Permanently attached to the biological membrane. |
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Selective permeability |
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will allow certain molecules or ions in via diffusion or facilitated diffusion. |
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Active transport |
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Based on size
Requires ATP
Goes against concentration gradient
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Hypertonic solution |
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"greater than"
Higher concentration of solutes.
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Cytoskeleton |
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Structure: proteins, microfilaments (actin), intermediate filaments (keratin), microtubles.
Functions: support, transport (secratory granules, organelles)
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Mitochondria |
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Cellular respiration
ATP production
Self replicatin
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Ribosomes |
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Structure: RNA, protein, lg subunit, sm subunit
Function: mRNA & tRNA, protein synthesis
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Centrosome |
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Involved in cell division (mitosis/meiosis) |
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Cilia and Flagella |
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Aid in cell movement |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
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Structure: NO RIBOSOMES, dbl membrane
Function: synthesis of non-proteins, transport, storage
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
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Structure: dbl membrane, phospholipids/proteins, ribosomes
Function: site of protein synth, transport, temp storage
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Golgi Apparatus |
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Structure: phospholipids, proteins
Function: packaging, concentrating, assembly, etc of cell products.
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Lysosome |
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Structure: H+ ion pumps, enzymes
Function: digestion, worn out membranes, worn out organelles, microorganisms, autophagy, heterophagy
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Microvilli |
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Structure: actin
Function: increases surface area
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Nucleus |
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Structure: nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin
Function: controls protein synthesis, Cell division (mitosis/meiosis)
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Plasma membrane |
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Structure: phospholipid bilayer, cholesteral, protein, carb
Function: Separation, transport, reception, recognition, enzyme location
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Epithelial tissue |
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Line the cavities and surfaces of structures. Most glands are formed from epitheliul tissue. |
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Serous membrane |
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A smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which excrete serous fluid. |
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Hyaline cartilage |
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A cartilage with a homogeneous matrix. It is the most common type, occurring at the articular ends of bones. |
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Collagen fibers |
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"colla = glue"
Very strong, resists pulling forces, but not stiff. Promotes tissue flexibility.
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Exocrine glands |
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Glands that secrete their products into a duct.
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Lacuna |
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Small space containing an osteocyte in bone or chondrocyte in cartilage. |
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Stratum basale |
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The deepest epidermal layer, where mitotic activity occurs. |
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Layers of skin |
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stratum corneum- stratum licidum
- stratum granulosum
- stratum spinosum
- stratum basale
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keratin |
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Tough and insoluble.
Hair and nails are made of keratin
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Pacinian corpuscles |
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Sensitivity to deep pressure touch. |
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Cuticle |
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Dead layers of epidemal cells or keratinocytes |
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Acne |
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Inflammation of sebacious glands |
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Types of burns |
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1st degree - damage to epidermis
2nd degree - damage to epidermis and dermis
3rd degree - damage to epidermis, dermis and hypodermis
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