global plagiarism |
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stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own |
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patchwork plagiarism |
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stealing ideas or language from 2 or 3 sources and passing as one's own |
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incremental plagiarism |
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failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrow from other people |
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frame of reference |
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the sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. no two people can have exactly the same frame of reference |
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audience centeredness |
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keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation |
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identification |
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a process in which speakers seek to create a bond with the audience by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences |
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situational audience analysis |
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audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, physical setting for the speech, & disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker and occasion |
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spare brain time |
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difference between rate at which at most people talk (120-150 words per min) and that rate at which the brain can process language (400-800 words/min) |
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comprehensive listening |
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listening to understand i.e. classroom lecture |
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empathic listening |
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listening to provide emotionaly support for speaker i.e. friend in distress |
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critical listening |
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listening to message to support or reject |
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appreciative listening |
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listening for pleasure i.e. music |
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attitude |
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a frame mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc |
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fixed-alternative questions |
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questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives i.e. yes, no, unsure |
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scale questions |
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questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers. very seldom --> very often |
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open-ended questions |
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allo respondents to answer however they want |
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catalogue |
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a list of all books, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library |
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periodical databases |
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allow you to locate magazine or journal articles |
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abstract |
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a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author |
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reference works |
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a work that synthesizes a large amount of related info for easy access by researches i.e. encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, and bio aids |
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general encyclopedia |
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all branches of human knowledge |
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special encyclopedia |
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a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such as religion, art, law, science, music, etc |
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yearbook |
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published annually that contains infor about the previous year |
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biographical aid |
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info about people |
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virtual library |
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search engine that combines internet with traditional library methods of cataloguing and assessing data |
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sponsoring organization |
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an organization that in the absence of clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet |
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supporting materials |
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materials used to support a speaker's ideas. examples, statistics, and testimony |
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testimony |
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quotations or paraphrases use to support a point. i.e. infomericials |
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expert testimony |
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testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields |
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peer testimony |
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testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience on the topic |
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spatial order |
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a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern. top to bottom, left to right, front to back |
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causal order |
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a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cuase-effect relationship |
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problem solution order |
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1st main point deals with the problem and the 2nd main point presents a solution to the problem |
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topical order |
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divide topics into logical and consistent subtopics |
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connective |
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word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them |
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internal preview |
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a statement in body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next |
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internal summary |
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a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point or points |
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signpost |
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a very brief statement that indicates whare a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas. first cause, second, third |
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crescendo ending |
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a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity |
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dissolve ending |
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a conclusion tht generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement |
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preparation outline |
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title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography |
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visual framework |
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pattern of symbolization and indentation in a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas. |
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speaking outline |
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a brief outline used to job the speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech |
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denotative meaning |
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the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase |
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connotative meaning |
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the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase i.e. school (emotions, personal growth, childhood friends, discipline, hw) |
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concrete words |
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words that refer to tangible objects |
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abstract words |
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words that refer to ideas or concepts |
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clutter |
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discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea |
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imagery |
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the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas |
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parallelism |
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the similar arragnement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences |
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antithesis |
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the justaposition of contrasting idease, usually in parallel structure. i.e. ask not what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country |
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manuscript speech |
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read word for word |
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impromptu speech |
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a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation |
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extemperous speech |
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a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes |
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vocalized pause |
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a pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with "uh" "er" and "um" |
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kinesics |
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the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication |
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