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1.
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› Jane Addams
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o Leader in the settlement house movement
o Only practicing sociologist to win Nobel Peace Prize
o Used skills as a research sociologist to develop community projects that assisted people in need
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2.
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› Auguste Comte
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o First coined the term “sociology” as the scientific study of society based on positivism
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3.
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› Alexis de Tocqueville
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o A Frenchman
o Analyzed US democratic culture & society in Democracy in America
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4.
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› W.E. B. Du Bois
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o First black scholar to receive a Ph.D in sociology from Harvard
o Prominent black scholar & co-founder of the NAACP
o Devoted life work to addressing the racial divisiveness in US society
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5.
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Emile Durkheim
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o Viewed society as an entity larger than the sum of its parts (society sui generis)
o Work focused on how public rituals & belief systems created social solidarity & how a social system could be known through the discovery & analysis of social facts
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6.
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› Harriett Martineau
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o British
o Analyzed American social customs in Society in America
o Wrote one of the first sociologist methods books on the research method called participant observation (How to Observe Manners & Morals)
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7.
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› Karl Marx
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o Considered society to be shaped by economic forces
o Analyzed capitalism as a system of class relationships
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8.
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› C. Wright Mills
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o Said the task of sociology is to employ the sociological perspective to understand how issues are shaped by social structure
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9.
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› Robert Park
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o Key founder of sociology
o Cities organized in concentric circles
o The influence of race & class on design of cities
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10.
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› Max Weber
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o Developed a multidimensional analysis of society which integrated political, economic & cultural aspects
o Developed the concept of Verstehen
o Defined social action as a behavior to which people give meaning
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11.
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› Ida B. Wells-Barnett
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o Early sociologist widely noted for her work in the anti-lynching movement
o Born a slave, learned to read & write at Rust College, a school established for freed slaves
o Received teaching credentials at Fisk University
o Wrote numerous essays on the status of African Americans in the US
o Was an active crusader against lynching & for women’s rights, including the right to vote
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12.
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› William Graham Sumner
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o Identified only two types of norms: folkways & mores
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13.
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› Mitch Dunier
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o (in Sidewalk)
o Wanted to know how homeless people lived & used participant observation
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14.
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› Nancy Chodorow
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o Used psychoanalytic theory to explain how the asymmetrical division of labor within a family, by gender, shapes personalities
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15.
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› Charles Horton Cooley
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o Postulated the looking-glass self to explain how a person’s conception of self arises through reflection about one’s relationship with others
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16.
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› Erik Erikson
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o Said the central task of adolescence is the formation of a consistent identity
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17.
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› Sigmund Freud
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o Developed the psychoanalytic theory which sees the human identity as relatively fixed at an early age in a process greatly influenced by one’s family
o Saw the development of the social identity (ego) as an unconscious process developed from dynamic tensions between strong instinctual impulses (id) & the social standards of society (superego)
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18.
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› Carol Gilligan
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o Found that women’s moral judgments were more contextual & relational than men’s
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19.
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› Lawrence Kohlberg
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o Described moral development occurring in three stages: preconventional, conventional, & postconventional based on research with men
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20.
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› George Herbert Mead
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o Said social roles are the basis of all social interaction
o Taking the role of the other, imitation stage, play stage, & game stage
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21.
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› Jean Piaget
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o Argued that the human mind organizes experience into mental categories (schema), which are modified & developed as social experiences accumulate
o Proposed that children go through distinct stages of cognitive development as they learn the basic rules of reasoning: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, & formal operational
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22.
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› Robert Merton
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o Functionalist
o Manifest function – intended
o Latent function – unintended
o Dysfunctions – negative
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23.
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› Charles Darwin
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o Identified the process of evolution
o Social Darwinists – “survival of the fittest” driving force of social evolution
o Organism evolves from simple to complex
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24.
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› Talcott Parsons
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o Functionalist
o All parts of a social system are interrelated
o Different parts have different basic functions
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25.
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› Georg Simmel
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o Explained critical distance – ability to detach from a situation
o Role of strangers inside & outside of social groups
o Strangers can see social structure of a group more readily
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26.
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› Sir Frances Bacon
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o British philosopher
o Defined & elaborated on the scientific method
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27.
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› Edward Sapir
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o Writings in 1920s
o Language central in determining social thought
o Language forces people to perceive the world in certain terms
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28.
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› Benjamin Whorf
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o Writings in 1950s
o Sapir’s student
o Language central in determining social thought
o Language forces people to perceive the world in certain terms
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