Sociology Midterm Exam

sociology the study of human socitey  sociological imagination ability to connect the most basic intimate aspects of an individuals life to seemlinglu impersonal and remot historical forces social institutions group of social positions connected by social relations performing a social role any institution in a society that works to socialize the group or ppl within social idenity individuals define themselves in relationsjop to groups wth which they affiliate Comte positivism arose out of need to make sense of the social order in a time of declining religous authorityStages-theological stagemetaphysical stage:why things are the way they are -scientific stagewe can convience we could understand how social institutions work  harriet martineau transle comte to englishway we educate kidsto government Karl Marx marxist conflict theoryhistorical materialism: conflict between classes drove social change throughout historycommunism max weber belief marx went 2 fare to coin it just a cause and affect-religon also laid the ground workverstehen: social world through experience interpretive sociology study of social meaning durkheim division of labor: degree to which jobs are specialized positivist sociology: strain within socioloy that believes the social world can be described and predicted relationships anomie sense of aimlessness or despair that arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable;to little social regulation Jane adamsWEB Dubios Adams: hull house link ideas of university to the poor through full service examsblack and anomie functionalism  various social instituation and processes in society exis to serve some important fuction to keep socoety running conflict theory conflict promotes change feminist theory equality between men and women challenging conventional wisdom symbolic interactionism shared meanings, orientations, and assumptions form the basic motivation behind peoples actions postmodernism questioning of notion of progress and history and the replacement of narrative within pastiche and multipe pehaps even conflicting edentities resulting from disjointed affliations social construction instutionalized entity or artifact in system invented or constricted by participants in a paricular culture or society tat exists because ppl agree to behave as if it exist deconstruction showing how certain social phenomena are arbitrary and devised by social actos with varying degrees of power midrange theory HOW CERTAIN SOCIAL INSTIUTIONS TEND TO FUNCTION causulatiy change in 1 facto results in a corresponding change in another research method approaches and methods that go with trying to find an answer to a question quantitave methodsqualititave somethings that can be assigned a numeric value:eliminating al other possibilites through their study deisng to state with some certainty that one condition causes another something that can not be assigned a number value:social processes rule out others allows us to show deductive appach starts with a theory forms  a hypothsis and tests inductive appraoch obersvation and creates a theory correlation or association simulanous varition in to variables natural experiment event that affects is causing a certain outcome time order chrikigy or sequence of events alternative explaations plausaible stories that could explain our data but doesn't fit with central hypothesis spurious false or misleadering  reversw causality A is not causing B, B is causing A  operationaliztion assigning a precise methode for measuring a term being examined for use in a particular study Null hyptohsis Ho: relationship propsed between two ariables does not exist  alternative hypothesis it does exist moderating variables  stuff that affects independent and dependent mediating variables variable that is there but does not affect indp. or dep. validity it is measuring wut should be measured reliability consistant results each time generalbility extent to which we can claim or findings inform us about a group large than the one we studies  reflexvity how much does tester have an affect on those being tested populationsample censue entire grouprepresntive of pop. a sbsetsample that atempt to estimate the size of the entire population case study in-depth look a phenimenon that is happening in a social stting feminist metholodology treat omen experences as a legtimate emprical and theortical resourse that promote social science for women for a specific half of the public and that take into account the researcher as much as the overt subject matter particpant observation qualitivae reseach seeks to observe social actions in practice repeated cross sectinal survey smaples new wave represenice group each survey panel survey tracks sme respondents over time historical methods collects data from written report newspaper, articles, jornals, diaries, artwork, and other artifacts to stody compartive research two entities similar...but 1 thing is different what makes it different audit study specific type of experimental method in which a pair of comparale ppl are observed in a specific situation to see if they fare differently content analusis analysis of strutire of a communication mainifest:something that yo can seelatent: stuff u cant see ethics of studies do no harminformed consent voultary participationprotected populations: approval to st public sociology seek to engage a on academic audience for a normative productive end