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Piaget's Stages (ages) |
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Sensorimotor (birth - 2 yrs); Preoperational (2 - 7 yrs); Concrete Operational (7 - 11 yrs); Formal Operational (11+ yrs) |
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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Devel (ages) |
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Oral (birth to 1 yr); Anal (1 - 3 yrs); Phallic (3 - 6 yrs); Latency (6 - 12 yrs); Genital (12+ yrs) |
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Erikson's Final Two Stages (ages) |
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Generativity v. Stagnation (mid-adulthood); Integrity v. Despair (old age) |
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Erikson's First Three Stages (ages) |
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Trust v. Mistrust (infancy);
Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt (toddler);
Initiative v. Guilt (early childhood); |
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Erikson Stages 4 - 6 (ages) |
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Industry v. Inferiority (school age); Identity v. Role Confusion (teens); Intimacy v. Isolation (yng adult) |
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Flight of Ideas (MSE) |
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Thoughts not associated by logic |
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Tangential Speech (MSE) |
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Answers don't follow question |
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Loose Associations (MSE) |
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Ideas slip off the track on to another which is obliquely related or unrelated. |
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Circumstantial Speech (MSE) |
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Speech very delayed at reaching its goal. Excessive long windedness/detail. |
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Mental Retardation (DSM) |
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IQ < or = 70; impaired functioning; onset before 18. |
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Rett's D/O (DSM) |
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Females only; head growth decel; lost coordination; social probs. |
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Pica (DSM) |
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Eating non-food (e.g., dirt) |
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (keywords) |
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Schemas; core beliefs; automatic thoughts; cognitive distortions; thought record; downward arrow; |
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Freud's Structural Personality Theory |
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Id (pleasure principle; primary process thinking); Ego (reality principle; secondary process thinking); Superego (ego ideal; conscience) |
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Object Relations Phases |
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Normal autism (1st month); Symbiotic (2 - 8 mos); Differentiation (7m - 2y); Integration/Rapproachment (2 - 3 yrs) |
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Repression |
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Id's drives out of conscious into unconsious |
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Regression |
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Retreat to earlier stage |
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Projection |
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Unacceptable needs/drives attributed to other |
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Reaction Formation |
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Express opposite of anxiety-forming instinct |
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Displacement |
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Transfer instinct to less threatening target (e.g., angry at dad, mom yells at kid) |
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Sublimation |
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Impulses diverted into socially acceptable outlet (e.g., work, art) |
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Denial |
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Ignore personal relevance or deny existence of an anxiety-provoking impulse |
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Introjection |
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Ascribe thoughts/bx of others to oneself. |
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Rationalization |
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Interpret own bx as rational/acceptable |
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Undoing |
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Bx to undo effect of past action |
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Structural Family Therapy (keywords) |
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alignments; heirarchies; subsystems; boundaries; enmeshment; joining; mimesis; family map; enactment; reframing |
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Strategic Family Therapy (keywords) |
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social/problem/interaction/goal-setting stages; communication; interpersonal phenom; prob solving; directives; paradoxical ints; |
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Paradoxical Interventions |
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Milton Erickson/Strategic Family Therapy: restraning (don't change); positioning (exag sx); reframing |
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Existential Therapy (keywords) |
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death; isolation; freedom; meaninglessness; experience; phenomenology; Yalom; Franl |
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Person-Centered Therapy (keywords) |
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unconditional positive regard; accurate empathy; genuineness; dx = label; incongruence; Carl Rogers |
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Narrative Therapy (keywords) |
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ambiguous experience; externalizing; influence mapping; reauthoring; deconstruction |
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Gestalt Therapy (keywords) |
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awareness; Fritz Perls; boundary disturbances; "I" language; empty chair; here & now; body language; holistic |
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Boundary Disturbances (Gestalt) |
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Introjection (swallow w/out understanding); Projection (disowning self); Retroflection (eg anger inward); Confluence (bound probs) |
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Additive Empathy |
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Reflect expressed and implied content (e.g. “I have the impression that ...”) |
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Reciprocal Empathy |
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Reflection - accurate understanding, non-additive. |
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Reflection Errors (4) |
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Timing (over/under reflection); Stereotyping (SW=robot); Depth (+/-); Language (eg slang) |
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Word Salad |
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Jumble of incoherent speech |
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Neologisms |
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Invented words |
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Clanging |
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Speech driven by word sounds (e.g., rhyming or alliteration). |
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Confabulation |
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Formation of false memories, perceptions, or beliefs--usu. to cover memory loss (Alzheimer's or blackouts). |
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Proxemics v. Kenesics v. Paralanguage |
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Proxemics = spatial bx; Kinesics = movement; Para = nonverbal vocal cues (e.g. vol, speed, intonation) |
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Ideas of reference |
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Delusional belief that casual events, people's remarks, etc. are referring to oneself when, in fact, they are not (eg TV, newspaper) |
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Wechsler (testing) |
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Generates an IQ score - WAIS (16+); WISC (6 - 16); WPPSI (@3- @7) |
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Projective Tests |
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Interpretive/subjective personality tests (e.g., Rorschach, DAP (draw a person), sand tray, HTP (tree/house/person), sentence completion |
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Commonly Used Intelligence Tests |
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WAIS, WISC, Vineland, Stanford-Binet, and elements of the MSE |
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Anorexia v. Bulimia (DSM Diff) |
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A.N. = low weight; psychotic flavor (re body); can include purge
B.N. = binge/purge; normal weight |
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OCD v. OCPD (DSM Diff) |
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OCD = ego dystonic; anxiety driven; rituals/obsessions; OCPD = ego syntonic; rigid; no obses/compuls. Dx's can coexist (eg, rigid hoarding) |
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Factitious D/O v. Malingering v. Somatoform D/O (DSM DIff) |
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Factitious = sick role
Malingering = for goal (e.g., SSI)
Somatoform = not faking |
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Personality Disorders (by cluster) |
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A ("weird"): Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal
B ("wild"): Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narc.
C ("wimp"): Avoidant, Dependent, OCPD |
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Schizoid PD |
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Loner; minimal rxs; prefers solitude; no pleasure or desire for social interaction; cold; detached |
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Schizotypal PD |
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Eccentric/wild appearance & bx; odd beliefs (magical thinking, ideas of ref, so pho); short rxs; suspicious; not psychotic |
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Paranoid PD |
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Distrust and suspiciousness; no trust; holds grudges; questions mate's fidelity; non-delusional |
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Antisocial PD |
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Violates rights of others; present since age 15; fights; irresponsibility; deceitfulness; lack of remorse |
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Borderline PD |
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Probs w/ rx, self-image, affect, impulsivity; idealize/devalue; abandonment fear; self-injurious; feelings of emptiness |
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Histrionic PD |
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High emo, attention seeking; inappropriate seductiveness; use of appearance; impressionistic speech; shifting emo; quick rx |
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Narcissistic PD |
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Grandiose, lack of empathy, hypersensitivity to eval; entitlement; exploitive; envious; fantasies of success/power/perfect love |
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Avoidant PD |
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Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, hypersensitivity to eval; min rxs; poor self-image; fear of embarrassment |
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Dependent PD |
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Submissive, clinging, fear of separation; prob w/ solo decisions; no responsibility for self; 0 confidence; helplessness; probs disagreeing w/ others |
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Obsessive-Compulsive PD |
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Rigidity, perfectionism, control; preoc w/ rules, lists; stubborn, miserly, workaholic; moral/ethical inflexibility; problems throwing things out |
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Order of language acquisition |
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crying; cooing; echolalia; holophrastic speech; telegraphic speech; vocab growth; correct grammar; metalinguistics |
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Echolalia |
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Child's imitation of speech sounds (after cooing, before holophrastic speech) |
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Holophrastic Speech |
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Child expresses sentence meaning with single word (e.g., "milk!") |
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Telegraphic Speech |
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Two or more words in sentence (e.g., "Milk now!") |
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Kohlberg's First Level of Moral Devel (and substages) |
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Preconventional Morality (Punishment & Obdience Orientation); Instrumental Hedonism) |
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Kohlberg's Second Level of Moral Devel (and substages) |
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Conventional Morality (Good Boy/Good Girl Orientation; Law & Order Orientation) |
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Kohlberg's Third Level of Moral Devel (and substages) |
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Postconventional Morality (Morality of Contract, Individual Rights, and Democratically Accepted Laws; Morality of Individual Principles of Conscience) |
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Suicide Risk Factors |
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Hx of attempts; old age; males 70+, females 15-24; hopelessness; hx depression; caucasian; native am 15-19; loss; recent lifting of dep sx |
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Four levels of acculturation (Berry) |
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Integration (+/+ new culture/o.g. culture); assimilation (+/-); separation (-/+); marginalization (-/-) |
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