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1.
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the thinnest layer of earth's structure
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crust
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2.
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the largest layer of the earth in thickness, mass, and volume is the
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mantle
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3.
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the layer of the earth that has a plastic-like nature
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asthenosphere
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4.
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thinnest type of crust
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oceanic crust
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5.
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type of crust with the greatest density
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oceanic crust
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6.
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what evidence is used to determine the structure of the earth
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seismic
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7.
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the layer of the core that is composed of liquid metal, covects rapidly and is responsible for the earth's magnetic field
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outer core
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8.
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the earth's internal temperature is primarily due to
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radioactivity
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9.
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name the scientist that developed continental drift theory
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alfred wegener
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10.
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the name given to the supercontinent that existed 200 mya
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pangea
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11.
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what evidene did alfred weener give to support continental drift theory
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same fossils in different parts of the world
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12.
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the theory thatdescribes the reason that the continents move and explains most bolcanic and earthquake activity
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plate tetonics
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13.
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mid ocean ridges occur at what boundries
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divergent
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14.
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new ocean crust is created at
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midocean ridges
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15.
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the ocean crust is no older than
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200 million years old
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16.
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where do volcanoes and mountains form when oceanic and continental crust meet
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ocean trenches
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17.
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what is formed at a continental continental crust boundary
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mountains
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18.
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the process of one crustal plate dividing beneath andother is called
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subduction
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19.
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name of the deepest ocean trench
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mariland
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20.
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the main reason for tectoncic plate movement
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convection currents in the mantle
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21.
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the crist and part of theupper mantle form the
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lithosphere
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22.
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magma generates for the _____ of the mantle
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asthenosphere
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23.
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the lithoshpere floats on the ______ of the mantle
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asthenosphere
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24.
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the uppper mantle is believed to be
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700 km deep
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25.
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the valley that forms at a mid ocean ridge is called a
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rift valley
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26.
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alternating magnetic polarity is evidence of
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sea floor spreading
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27.
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how often do earth magnetic field reversals occur on average
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200 thousand years
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28.
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magma risest through the crust becuase it is less ____ than the surronding material
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dense
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29.
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oceanic crust subducts beneath continental crust because it is ____ lthan continental crust
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less dense
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30.
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what are the three types of tectonic plate boundaries
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convergent transform fault divergent
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31.
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island arcs are produces when two _____ plates converge
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oceanic
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32.
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the region around the pacific ocean where most volcanoes exist is know as the
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ring of fire
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33.
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magma that is emplaced and cools inside surronding rock is called
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igneous intrusion
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34.
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the hawaiin islands werer formed above regions of the mantle called
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hot spot
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35.
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areas in the mantle called ______ causes hot spots
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mantle plumes
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36.
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igneous rock that cools rapidly on the earths surface is called ____ igneous rock
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extrusive
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37.
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igneous rock that cools slowly beneath earths surface is called ___ igneous rock
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intrusive
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38.
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igneous intrusion that may be hundreds of kilometers long and wide
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batholith
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39.
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magma that cuts across rock strata is called
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dike
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40.
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lava that cools on the surface produces rock with ___ crystals and magma that cools beneat the surface forms rock with ____ crystals
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small, large
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41.
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an igneous intrusion that cuts horizontally between rock layers is called a
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sill
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42.
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all oceanic crust is ____ in origin
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volcanoes
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43.
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the voyager space probe dscovered and active volcano on jupiters moon
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io
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44.
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a volcano that is composed of alternating layers of both lava and tephra
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composite volcanoes
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45.
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the largest volcano in the solar system is ___ found on the planet
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olympus mons, mars
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46.
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molton rock beneath the earths surface is called
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magma
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47.
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molton rock on the earth's surface is called
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lava
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48.
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shield volcanoes produce ___ lave that has lov viscosity ( very fluid)
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basaltic
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49.
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volcanoes that develop near convergent plate boundaries are usually_____ volcanoes and erupt more explosively than those near divergent plates and hot spots
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composite
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50.
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volcanoes occur in the middle of tectonic plate because of
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hot spots
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51.
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andesitic lavas that compose composite vlocanoes cause explosive eruptions because the lava has a high ___ content, increasing the lavas viscosity
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silicon
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52.
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thick, viscous lava will not release the __ pressure until pressures reach explosive proprtions
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gas
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53.
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what is a volcanic rock that is so porous that it will float on water
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pumus
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54.
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what is volcanic glass
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obsidian
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55.
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what is made up entirely of fragments called cinders and are small in comparison to composite and shelds volcanoes
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cinder cone
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56.
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volcanic as is produced by ____ volcanoes because it is more powerful than a cinder cone volcano explosion
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composite
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57.
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underwater volcanoes are called
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sea mountains
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58.
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volcanoes occur in the middle of a tectonic plate because of
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hot-spots
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59.
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the exact location beneath the surface where and earthquake occurs
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focus
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60.
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the location on the earth's surface where and earthquake originates
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epicenter
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61.
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the most destructive wave of an earthquake
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surface waves or s-waves
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62.
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the fastest wave of an earthquake
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p- wave
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63.
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the wave of an earthquake that is a transverse wave
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secondary wave
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64.
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what insturment is used to measure earthquake activity
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seismograph
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65.
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number of seismic stations needed to determine the epicenter of an earthquake
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3
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66.
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type of seismic wave that cannot pass through liquid
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s-wave
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67.
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fault in which the upper block is moving up and over the lower block
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reverse fault
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68.
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the most widely accepted reason for plate movement
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convection currents in the mantle
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69.
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the greatest depth that earthquakes have been detected
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700 km
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70.
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region of the earth that does not recieve eithe p-waves or s-waves during an earthquake
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shadow zone
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71.
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in order to determine the distance to the epicenter of a an earthquake there must be a ___ between the arrival of p and s waves at a seismic stations
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lag time
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72.
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the richter scale is a logarithimic scale that indicates the ___ of an earthquake
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magnitude
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73.
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the scale used to determine the magnitude of an earthquake
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richter scale
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74.
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a magnitude 5 earthquake is __ times greater in magnitude than a magnitude 4 and ___ times greater than a magnitude 2
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10, 1,000
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75.
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the energy of an earthquake incrases by a factor of __ for each magnitude increase on the tichter scale
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32
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76.
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a 7 on the richter scale is ____ times greater in evergy than a magnitude of 5
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32 squared 1024
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77.
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a type of seismic wave that is a longitudianal wave
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p-wave
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78.
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the continents are composed of light ____ rock and the oceans are composed of dense ___ rock
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grimidick, basaltick
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79.
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the san andreas fault is this type of tectonic plate boundary
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transform boundary
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80.
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plate boundaries that slide past one another are called ___ boundaries
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transform
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81.
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the edge of a continent is called the continental
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shelf
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82.
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the region between a contintnetal rise and the beginning of the mid- ocean ridge is called the ____ and is the flattest region on earth
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abyssal plane
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83.
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the chemical that is used by bacteria as a sorce of energy at deep sea vents
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hydrogen sulfide gas
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84.
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an absolute rock dating method
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radio metric dating
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85.
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a realative rock dating method
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law of superposition
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86.
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the principle blah blah
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law of superpostion
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87.
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the age of the earth is believed to be
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4.5 billion years old
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88.
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life first appeard on earth about
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3.5-4 billion years
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89.
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the age of the universe is belieeved to be
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13,7 billion years old
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90.
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the diversity of life on earth significantly increased about _____ ago in an event called the cambrain explosion
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540 million years
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91.
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a mass extinction occurred____ yars ago that caused the extinctionn of dinosaurs and mumber, diversity and size of mamals
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65 mill
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92.
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this extintion of the dinosaur occureed at the end of the
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cretaceous period
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93.
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dinosaurs had the greatest numbers and diversity during the ____period of the mesozoic era
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jurrasic
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94.
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the ____ record is instrumental in helping geologists to understand earth's geologic past
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fossill
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95.
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the name given to the layer of earth that represents the end of the dinosaur
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k-t boundary
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96.
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which cycle ofthe rock cycle does not take place
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sedimentary to igneous
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97.
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fossils are formed only in ___ rock
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sedimentary
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98.
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name of the fisrt supercontinent that saused the "snowball earth"
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thodinia
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99.
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the largest mass extinction cocured at the end of the
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permian paleozoic
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100.
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the last ice age occured
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10,000 years ago
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101.
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the ice ages caused by a disruption of the
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currents
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102.
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the time period one - celled organisms dominated the panet
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pre-cambrian
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