most people find it difficult to obey authorities b-cuz |
|
they fear ridicule, ostracism, & punishment |
| |
why didn't more ordinary German citizens resist the Nazis |
|
*paid more attention to norms than morality *did not want to let down comrades *wanted to maintain group morale, solidarity, & loyalty |
| |
Nazi regime's genocide machine operated efficiently partly b-cuz |
|
*it was bureaucratically organized *achieved max efficiency by breaking down large goal one of into small tasks for many |
| |
Milgram's experiment: deadly "shocks" to subjects that answered questions incorrectly, tester/shockers were ordinary citizens |
|
we are inclined to obey those in power, whether authority structure in new & artificial or old & well-established |
| |
group of people against whom an indiv. evaluates his situation is called... |
|
a reference group |
| |
leadership style that allows subordinates to work largely on their own w/ almost no direction from above? |
|
laissez-faire leadership |
| |
standard sociological criticisms of bureaucracy? (1,2) |
|
*dehumanization (unique to standard) *bureaucratic ritualism (so occupied with rules & regulations that authority makes difficult to fulfill goals) |
| |
standard sociological criticisms of bureaucracy?
(3,4) |
|
*oligarchy (rule of few) *bureaucratic inertia (so large & rigid they lose touch w/ reality & continue policies even when in desperate need of change) |
| |
proportion of Jews killed during WWII was highest? |
|
where nations were bureaucratically organized |
| |
pressure to conform despite individual misgivings is called? |
|
groupthink |
| |
except for crisis situations, the most effective leadership style is? |
|
democratic |
| |
societies are collectivities of interacting people who share... |
|
a culture & territory |
| |
hellish working conditions & deep social inequality characterized early... |
|
industrial societies |
| |
class & gender inequality... |
|
began to decrease as industrial societies matured |
| |
which country has more people behind bars than any other? |
|
United States |
| |
MLK Jr was considered deviant & criminal in his lifetime, but not today. This illustrates that... |
|
what society considers to be deviant and criminal changes over time |
| |
breaking a norm is known as? |
|
Deviance |
| |
Coca-cola originally contained cocaine. Now cocaine is illegal because... |
|
of "perceived harmfulness"; the perceptions of harmfulness changed |
| |
minor acts of deviance such as participating in fads, fashions, or dying your hair an unusual color are called |
|
social diversions |
| |
when many people agree that an act is deviant & somewhat harmful & that the act should be subject to some kind of formal punishment? |
|
social deviations |
| |
a crime that generates little debate over its seriousness is a type of? |
|
consensus crime |
| |
crucial elements in the social construction of deviance and crime |
|
*power |
| |
leader who tries to include all members in the decision-making process & molds best ideas into a strategy that all can identify with? |
|
democratic leader |
| |
rape is associated w/ a low rate of prosecution. rapists often... |
|
hold women in contempt & do not regard rape as a real crime |
| |
a crime "committed by a person of respectibility & high social status in the course of his occupation" is called? |
|
white-collar crime |
| |
crime committed disproportionately by people from the lower classes? |
|
street crimes |
| |
methods of ensuring conformity are known as? |
|
social control |
| |
collective adaptation to social conditions in which people create distinctive norms & values is known as? |
|
subcultural theory |
| |
theory that sees crime/deviance as growing out of social pressures that cause people to deviate |
|
strain theory |
| |
if kids grown up in an env. where the people they care about teach them it is OK to choose a deviant lifestyle they are likely to do so. example of? |
|
differential association |
| |
labeling theory holds that deviance results in... |
|
response of others who label rule-breaker as deviant, not so much actions of the deviant |
| |
which theory focuses on the power & influence of wealthy & elites in imposing deviant & criminal labels on less powerful? |
|
conflict theory |
| |
Robinson Crusoe, Swept Away & Titanic all illustrate issues of social inequality because they... |
|
illustrate social relations that underlie and shape inequaltiy |
| |
the idea that society is organized in layers or strata is called? |
|
social stratification |
| |
the assets you own & control compose your... |
|
wealth |
| |
a home, car, & some appliances are all examples of... |
|
wealth |
| |
what you are able to earn in a given period of time is know as... |
|
your income |
| |
many members of the upper-upper class... |
|
inherit their wealth |
| |
the meas. of income inequality that ranges from 0 to 1, meas of the level of internal strata & allows researches to compare inequality btwn societies? |
|
Gini Index |
| |
variations in income & wealth between countries is known as |
|
global inequality |
| |
in India society was divided into? |
|
*castes *born into *determines occupations, who you can marry |
| |
in medieval Western Europe peasants were bound to land for life; landlord shared in peasants work & would protect in hardtimes. system know as? |
|
feudalism |
| |
what is determined by someone's "relationship to the mean of production?" (Marx) |
|
social class/ status |
| |
those who do not own the "means of production" & work for wages (Marx) |
|
proletariat |
| |
members of the class that own the "means of production" such as factories, land & tools |
|
bourgeoisie |
| |
idea that a judge's work contributes more to society than a janitors? |
|
functional theory of stratification |
| |
people acquire specific cultural tastes associated w/ their ???. This helps to distinguish them from other people in social positions (Bourdieu) |
|
subculture |
| |
(Weber) class is determined by one's |
|
market situation: the possession of goods, opportunities for income, level of edu & degree of technical skill |
| |
the movie 'Sweet Home Alabama' achieves a happy ending by denying the often-difficult process of adapting to a new sub-culture as one experiences.... |
|
social mobility |
| |
what has a profound impact on the distribution of opportunities & rewards of society? |
|
political life |
| |
term to describe the simultaneous homogenization of some aspects of life & the strengthening of some local differences under globalization |
|
Glocalization |
| |
global inequality results from various dysfunctional characteristics of poor societies themselves (a theory) |
|
Modernization theory |
| |
views economic development as the result of exploitive relations between rich & poor countries (a theory) |
|
Dependency theory |
| |
according 2 dependency theorist, multinational corporations & rich countries continue exploitation of poor countries in the postcolonial period by |
|
giving military & economic support to authoritarian governments |
| |
Wallerstein argues that capitalist development has resulted in the creation of tiers, which he calls... |
|
*core capitalist countries *peripheral countries *semiperipheral countries |
| |
semiperipheral countries differ from peripheral countries in all ways except? |
|
racial background |
| |
today which countries are industrializing quickly? |
|
China & India |
| |
UN urges 22 richest nations to contribute .07% or GDP to development of aid of poor nations. Only 5 reached goal. Which one is not on list? |
|
USA |
| |
??? nations are rich, such as US, Japan & Germany that are the major sources of capital & tech in the world |
|
core capitalist countries |
| |
a ??? is a WW network of labor & production processes whose end result are a finished commodity |
|
global commodity chain |
| |
??? the is the economic domination of one nation by another |
|
imperialism |
| |
??? nations are former nations that are poor & are major sources of raw materials & cheap labor |
|
peripheral nations |
| |
of the 1.3 bil people around the world living on a $1 a day or less, 1 bil are... |
|
women |
| |
antiglobalization activists suggest that globalization is a form of... |
|
imperialism |
| |
30 drive form the capital of the Philippines an estimated 70,000 Filipinos live on... |
|
*55acre mt of rotting garbage |
| |
Was Schindler a whistleblower? |
|
No, False |
| |
Defining a Jew as anyone who has one Jewish GP, the German gov passed laws that supported systematic slaughter. Sociology suggests 3 factors contributed... |
|
*norms of solidarity *obedience to structures of authority *bureaucratic organization |
| |
Schindler told Stern he does presentation not work. "Smoozing", know who to contact & what barriers might interfere is known as? |
|
organizational environment/ organizational assets |
| |
An organized massacred of helpless people often associated w/ the treatment of Jews & other minorities is known as... |
|
pogrom |
| |
Rich & powerful impose criminal labels on less powerful, but use their $$ to escape punishment for their own misdeeds. This represents what theory? |
|
conflict theory |
| |