Define The Following Terms Of Psychology Of Classical Conditioning Flashcards

learning a relatively permanent change in behavior or the potential to make a response that occurs as a result of experience classical conditioning learning that occurs when 2 stimuli- a conditioned and an unconditioned stilulus- are paired and become associated with each other neutral stimulus (NS) stimulus that, before conditioning, does not elicit a particular response unconditioned stimulus (US) stim that automatically produces a response whithout any previous training conditioned stim (CS) neutral stim that acquires the ability to elicit a conditioned response after being paired with an unconditioned stim unconditioned response (UR) reaction that is automatically produced when an unconditioned stim is presented conditioned response (CR) response elicited by a conditioned stim that has been paired with an unconditioned stim; is similar to the UR spontaneous recovery reappearance of an extinguished CR after the passage of time generalization occurrence of responses to stimuli that are similar to a CS discrimination occurrence of responses only to a specific CS learned motives motives accquired, usually through classical conditioning learned goals (incentives) goals/incentives that are learned, usually through classical conditioning blocking situation in which the conditionability of a CS is weakened when it is paired with a US that has previously been paired with another CS operant conditioning learning that occurs when the participant must make a response to produce a change in the environment Law of effect thorndike's view that reinforcers promote learning, while punishers lead to the unlearning of responses positive reinforcement increases the frequency of a target behavior (response) that occurs when a behavior is followed by presentation of a positive reinforcer primary reinforcer stim that has innate reinforcing properties secondary reinforcer stim that accquires reinforcing properties by being associated with a primary reinforcer shaping form of operant conditioning in which a desired response is taught by reinforcment of successive responses that more closely resemble the target response discriminative stim stim or signal telling the participant that responding will be reinforced punisher stim that produces a decrease in responding; may take form of presentation or termination of a stim latent learning learning that has occurred but is not demonstrated insight learning sudden grasp of concept or solution resulting from perceptual restructuring; typically characterized by an immediate change in behavior motivation physiological and psychological factors that account for the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior instincts unlearned species-specific behaviors that are more complex than reflexes and triggered by environmental events called releasing stim drive internal motivational state created by a physiological need drive-reduction theory theory that views motivated behaviors as directed toward the reduction of a physiological need optimum-level theory theory that the body functions best at a specific level of arousal, which varies from individual to another cognitive dissonance aversive state produced when an individual holds 2 incompatible thoughts or cognitions hierarchy of needs Maslow's view that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-level needs pheromones chemical odors emitted by some animals that appear to influence the behavior of members of the same species achievement manipulation of the environment according to established rules to attain a desired goal emotion physiological changes and conscious feelings of pleasantness/unpleasantness, aroused by external/internal stimuli, that lead to behavioral reactions James-Lange theory theory that physiological changes precede and cause emotions commonsense view of emotions `emotions come before and cause bodily changes cannon-bard theory thalamus relays info simultaneously to the cortex and to the sympathetic nervous system, causing emotional feelings and physiological changes to occur at the same time. facial feedback hypothesis making certain facial expressions will produce the corresponding emotion display rules culturally specific rules for which emotions to display, to whom, and when non verbal communication communication involving: movements, gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, use of personal space and touching paralanguage communication that involves aspects of speech such as rate of talking and tone of voice, but not the words used memory system or process by which the products or results of learning are stored for future use nonsense syllables stimuli used to study memory; typically composed of a consonant-vowel-consonant sequence serial learning learning procedure in which material that has been learned must be repeated in the order in which it was presented; also know as ordered recall free recall learning procedure in which material that has been learned may be repeated in any order serial position effect tendency for items at the beginning and end of a list to be learned better than items in the middle ex. ABCs paired-associate learning items to be recalled are learned in pairs. during recall, one member of the pair is presented and the other is to be recalled recognition test test in which retention is measured by the ability to pick out previously learned items from a list that also contains unfamiliar items relearning test test of retention that compares the time or trials required to learn material a second time with the time or trials required to learn the material the first time savings score difference between the time or trials originally required to learn material and the time or trials required to relearn the material; aka relearning score encoding first stage of the memory process; info is transformed or coded (a transduction process) into a form that can be processed further and stored storage 2nd stage of the memory process. info is placed in the memory system. may involve either brief or long-term storages of memory retrieval 3rd stage of memory process; stored memories are brought into consciousness eidetic imagery a form of memory, (photographic). especially vivid visual recollections of material sensory memory very brief but extensive memory for sensory events (.5-1 s for visual and 2-3 s for auditory stim) short- term memory info held in consciousness for 10-20 seconds working memory second stage of short term memory; attention and conscious effort are brought to bear on material long-term memory very large cappacity and capability to store info relatively permanently maintenance rehearsal rehearsal used when we want to save or maintain info for a specific period of time elaborative rehearsal rehearsal inwhich meaning is added to the material to be remembered proactive interference situation in which previously learned info hinders the recall of info learned more recently retroactive interference situation in which info learned more recently hinders the recall of info learned previously levels of processing model deeper processing of info increases the likelihood that the info will be recalled explicit (declarative) memory memories that we are consciously aware of, such as facts or personal events; can be subdivided into semantic and episodic memory semantic memory memory for general knowledge implicit (nondeclarative) memory memories we are not consciouly aware of but can still influence our behavior and mental processes; can be subdivided into priming and procedural memory tip of the toungue condition of being almost, but not quite, able to remember something; used to investigate the nature of semantic memory episodic memory memory of one's personal experiences flashbulb memory very detailed memory of an arousing,surprising, or emotional situation priming or implicit memory unconsious memory processing in which prior exposure to stim items may aid subsequent learning procedural memory memory for making responses and performing skilled actions semantic network network of related concepts that are linked together schema grouping or cluster of knowledge about an object or sequence of events encoding specificity theory stating that the effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of the cues present when the memory was encoded and when it was retrieved state-dependent learning theory stating that when we learn something while in a specific physiological state, our recall of that info will be better when we are in the same physiological state method of loci use of familiar locations as cues to recall items that have been assiciated with them pegword technique use of familiar words or names as cues to recall items that have been associated with them acronym a word formed by the initial letters of the items to be remembered acrostic a verse or saying in which the first letter(s) of each word stand for a bit of info anterograde amnesia inability to store new memories after a traumatic event retrograde amnesia loss of memories that we stored before a traumatic event consolidation hypothesis hypothesis that memories must be consolidated or set before they can be stored