Psychology Exam 2 Flashcards

Learning is best defined as... A Relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience. In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the meat served as a(n): Unconditioned Stimulus (US) In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) _______ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) _______ stimulus. Neutral; Conditioned In order to obtain a reward a monkey learns to press a lever when a 1000-Hz tone is on but not when a 1200-Hz tone is on. What kind of training is this? Discrimination When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, _______ will take place. Extinction In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate: Taste with sickness In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the: Unconditioned Response (UR) Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is: The predictability of an association Classical conditioning, Operant conditioning and Observational learning are all forms of: Associative Learning For the rapid conditioning, a CS should be presented when? About half a second before the US During extinction, the ________ is omitted; as a result ______ seems to disappear. Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Conditioned Response (CR) In Watson and Rayner's experiment, the loud noise was the ______ and the white rat was the ______. Unconditioned Stimulus (US), Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Classical Conditioning may play a role in ______, _______ and ________. Emotional Problems, The Body's Immune Response and Helping Drug Addicts In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, when did spontaneous recovery occur? When the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period. Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that: For the conditioning of certain stimuli, the Unconditioned Stimulus need not immediately follow the Conditioned Stimulus. You always rattle the box of dog biscuits before giving your dog a treat. As you do so, your dog salivates. Rattling the box is a(n)________; your dog salivating is a(n)________. Conditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Response Bill had a blue car that was always in the shop, since then he wont even consider owning or blue or green car. Bill's aversion to green cars is an example of: generalization The type of learning associated with Skinner is: Operant Conditioning Learning is most rapid with _________, but ________ produces the greatest resistance to extinction Continuous Reinforcement, Intermittent Reinforcement Cognitive processes are important in both _______ and _______ Classical, Operant Conditioning The highest and most consistent rate of response is produced by a _______ schedule. variable-ratio A response that leads to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus is one being: Negatively reinforced One difference between classical and operant conditioning is that: In classical conditioning the responses are automatically triggered by stimuli. Punishment is a controversial way of controlling behavior because: 1) Behavior is not forgotten and may return2) Punishing stimuli often create fear3) Punishment often increases aggressiveness. Presenting a positive stimulus after a response, Removing an unpleasant stimulus after a response and being told you have done a good job are all examples of: Reinforcement Shaping is a(n)________ technique for ________ behavior operant, establishing For operant conditioning to be most effective, when should the reinforcers be presented in relation to the desired response? Immediately after In distinguishing between negative reinforcers and punishment we note that: In contrast to punishment, negative reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response by termination of an aversive stimulus. The "piecework," or commission, method of payment is an example of which reinforcement schedule? fixed-ratio Putting on your coat when it is cold outside is a behavior that is maintained by: negative reinforcement On an intermittent reinforcement schedule, reinforcement is given: only some of the time You teach your dog to fetch the paper by giving him a cookie each time he does so. This is an example of: Operant Conditioning Mental representation of one's environment is a(n): Cognitive Map After exploring a complicated maze for several days, a rat subsequently ran the maze with very few errors when food was placed in the goal box for the first time. This performance illustrates: Latent Learning Leon's psychology instructor has scheduled an exam every 3rd week of the term. Leon will probably study the most just before an exam and the least just after an exam. This is because the schedule of exams is reinforcing studying according to ________. Fixed-Interval On-line testing systems and interactive software are applications of the operant conditioning principles of: Shaping and immediate reinforcement Jack finally takes out the garbage in order to get his dad to stop pestering him, Jack's behavior is being influenced by: Negative Reinforcement A pigeon can easily be taught to flap its wings in order to avoid shock but not for food reinforcement. According to the text, this is most likely so because: Pigeons are biologically predisposed to flap their wings in order to escape aversive events and to use their beaks to obtain food. When Reggie's mother tells him that he can watch tv after he cleans his room, she is using _____, _____ and ______. Operant Conditioning, Secondary Reinforcement and Positive Reinforcement Bandura is associated with ______ learning Observational Mirror neurons are found in the brains _______, and are believed to be the neural basis for observational learning. Frontal Lobe In promoting observational learning the most effective models are those we perceive as: 1) Similar to ourselves2) Respected and Admired3) Successful Regarding the impact of watching television violence on children, most researchers believe that: watching violence on tv leads to aggressive behavior The 3-stage processing model of memory was proposed by: Atkinson and Shiffrin Memory Techniques such as the method of loci, acronyms and the peg-word system are called: Mnemonic Devices Textbook chapters are often organized into ______ in order to facilitate information processing. hierarchies Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that included v, q, y and j. He later recalled these letters as e, u, i and k, suggesting that the original letters had been encoded: acoustically The first thing Karen did when she discovered that she has misplaced her keys was to re-create in her mind the day's events. That she had little difficulty in doing so illustrates: Automatic Processing. Although you cant recall the answer to a question on your psychology midterm, you have a clear mental image of the textbook page on which it appears. Evidently, your ______ encoding of the answer was ______. visual, automatic Kandel and Schwartz have found that when learning occurs, more of the neurotransmitter _______ is released into synapses. Serotonin Studies demonstrate that learning causes permanent neural changes in the ______ of animals' neurons. Synapses In Sperling's memory experiment, research participants were shown three rows of three letters, followed immediately by a low, medium or high tone. The participants were able to report: Any one of the three rows of letters. Studies of amnesia victims suggest that there are ____ distinct types of memory two The area of the brain that is most important in the processing of implicit memories is: the cerebellum Amnesia victims typically have experienced damage to the ______ of the brain. hippocampus Lashley's studies, in which rats learned a maze and then had various parts of their brains surgically removed, showed that the memory: remained no matter which area of the brain was tampered with. The disruption of memory that occurs when football players have been knocked out provides evidence for the importance of: Consolidation in the formation of new memories. Long-term Potentiation refers to: the increased efficiency of synaptic transmission between certain neurons following learning. Amnesia patients typically experience disruption of _____ memories explicit It is easier to recall information that has just been presented when the information is _____ rather than _____. heard, seen. During basketball practice Jan's head was painfully elbowed. If the trauma to her brain disrupts her memory, we would expect Jan would be most likely to forget: the most recent experiences. After suffering damage to the hippocampus, a person would probably lose the ability to: store new facts