What are two different parts of the neurons and what are their primary functions? |
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Dendrites- Recieve signals from other neurons then send them to cell bodyCell body (aka soma)- Cells life support. Recieves info from dendrites/ other neurons and integrates it |
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What is a neuron? |
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Base building block of the nervous system that convey info to different parts of the NS and activiate muscles and glands |
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What are two more different parts of the neurons and what are their primary functions? |
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Axon- Info flows down axon in form of electricalAxon terminals- contains neuro transmitters that carry messages to muscles, glands and other neurons |
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What are glial cells and what are their functions? |
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Provide neurons nourshimentHold neurons in placeIsolate brain from toxinsForm Myelin sheath |
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What is the myelin sheath? |
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Fatty insulation of nerouns around some axons that help speed conduction impulse |
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What roles do the resting potential, action potential and negative after potential play in the nerve impulse? |
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Resting potential= The electrical charge of an inactive neuron. Messages from other neurons will raise or lower resting potentialAction potential= Electrical current that is sent down an axonNegative after potential- When a cell drops below resting potential and is less likely to fire |
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What is a synapse? |
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Gap between neurons and muscles in which one in which one neuron realses a chemical that excites or inhibits the next neuron |
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What are inhibitory and excitatory synapses? |
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Excitatory synapse- When the binding of the Neuro transimitor to the receptor causes positively charged to enter the cell raising the likelyhood of an action potentialInhibitory synapse- When the binding of the neurotransmiters causes negatively charged ions to enter cell decreasing the likelyhood of an action potential
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what are neurtotransmitters? and how do they affect the postsynaptic neuron? |
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chemical realeased by neuron that affects other neuronspostsynaptic neuron??? |
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What endorphins and how do they affect the body? |
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Produced by piutary gland and hypothalanks. they are the bodies nautral opitates that are realeased in response to pain and excerise |
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How do drugs alter Neurotransmitters? |
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Agonists- Work by miciming the effects of NTAntagonists- Work by blocking the NTs |
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What are the major divisions of the nervous system and what are their functions? |
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Central nervous system- Brain and spinal cordsPeripheral nervous system- can be divided into two major partsSomatic- Carries messages to and fro the sense organ, controls voluntary behaviorAutonimac- controls internal organs and glands Sympathetic- emergency Parashypathetic- quiets the body and returns it to lower arsoul |
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What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympethic nervous systems? |
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Sympathetic system- Responds to emergencies by activiating body resources (aka fight or flight response)Parasympathetic- Controls the normal operations of the body, calms us down after an emergency |
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What four structures make up the hindbrain and what are their functions? |
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Medulla- Controls heart rate, breathing, blood pressure, coughing and swallowingPons- Important for muscle controlReticualr formation- Plays important role in arousal and attention, screens messages entering brainCerebellum- Imporant in motor control. Contributes to motor cordinanation and timing, posture involved in basic learning |
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Function of the midbrain? |
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Involved in some sensory reflexes and helps regulate brain arousal |
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What are the subocrial structures of the foebrain? what are their functions and what happens when damaged? hint there are five |
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Thalmus- a final switching station for sensory messages on their way to the cortex. Vison hearing taste and touch all pass through. (if damaged you can lose every sense expect smell)Hypothalalmus- Master control center of emotion. crossroads that connects many areas of the brain. (regulates emotions, body temp, sensations of pleasure)Limbic system- Regulates emotionamygadala- influences rage, agression and fearHippocampus- Involved in memory formation |
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What are the four principles of coritcal organization? |
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Functioal specialization- Different areas of the cortex serve different functionsTopograhpic organization- Sensory and motor areas are organized so that adjacent neurons recieve inputContraleral connections- Each hemisphere is respnonsible for the sensory motor control for the opposite side of the bodyAssysmetry of higher function- 2 hemisphers have slightly different functions |
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What are the four lobes of the ceberal cortex? |
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Frontal Lobe- working memoryPartetal lobe- Processes info about body's safe touchOccipital lobe- Processes visual infoTemporal lobe- Procceses auiditory info |
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What are two specific things that can happen when different areas of the cortex are damaged? |
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Visual agnosias- Set of disorders where patients cant interpret visual infoProsopagnosia- Inability to recognize faces |
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