Innate and complex patterns of behavior that occur in every normally functioning member of a species under certain set conditions are called: |
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Instincts |
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The basic flaw associated with instinct theory is that it doesn't_______ behavior, it _______ behavior. |
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Explain, Labeled |
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Primary drives are: |
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Food, Water, Air, Sleep, Sex, temperature regulation, Avoidance of pain |
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Meeting hunger and thirst needs satisfies Maslow's first need level, known as the: |
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Physiological needs |
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Abraham Maslow asserted that people can be motivated by_______ as well as by drive reduction. |
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Hierarchy of Needs |
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According to cognitive theory, whether you are motivated to ask that exciting person for a date depends on: |
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Cognitions, Beliefs, Expectancies, or other mental processes |
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Cognitive dissonance can motivate behavior by: |
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resolving inconsistencies in cognitions. |
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A state or feeling that has psychological, behavioral, and cognitive components is called: |
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emotion |
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According to Plutchik's emotion wheel, which of the following is one of the prImary emotions? |
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Acceptance & Disgust, Fear & Anger, Surprise & Anticipation, and Sadness & Joy |
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Plutchik maintains that adjacent emotions of the emotion wheel: |
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derive from the original eight emotions. |
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According to James and Lange, we become angry because we: |
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are aware of bodily responses to a situation. |
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Data that show that people who are placed into the exact same physiological state fail to experience the dame emotion provide evidence against which theory of emotion? |
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James-Lange Theory |
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Cannon and Bard believed that emotional arousal and behavior action occur: |
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Simultaneously |
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According to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions are the result of: |
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double-cognitive interpretation. |
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Early research on stress focused on the ______ associated with stress. |
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physiological changes |
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The GAS consists of three stages: an alarm reaction, a resistance stage, and an |
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exhaustion stage |
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The fight-or-flight reaction is characterized by a high level of activity of the _______ nervous system. |
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sympathetic |
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The stage of the GAS characterized by a state of fatigue in which body tissues begin to show signs of wear and tear and susceptibility to disease is the: |
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Exhaustion stage. |
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Anxiety may be thought of as a general emotional response to: |
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a perceived imbalance between threat of stressor and out coping resources. |
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The factor that contribute to stress is: |
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stressor |
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When compared to Type A people, Type B people tend to be more: |
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relaxed. |
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Personality factors linked to hypertension include a tendency to: |
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have high blood pressure. |
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Drive-reduction theory operates at which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? |
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Physiological needs |
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The correct order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, from lowest to highest, is: |
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Physiological, Safety, Love/Belongingness, Esteem needs, Self-actualization |
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If you could operantly condition a rat to turn on a TV set in order to watch Mickey Mouse cartoons, it would illustrate that rats have________ motives. |
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emotional |
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The Cannon-Bard theory states that: |
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emotions occur simultaneously with physiological change. |
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Trait theories of personality attempt to ______ personality. |
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indentify |
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The two main approaches to personality theories are: |
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idiographic and nomothetic |
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Trait theories of personality have the primary focus or goal to: |
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identify behavior traits that are building blocks of personality. |
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An aspect of personality that is inferred from behavior and assumed to give rise to behavioral consistency is called a: |
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cardinal trait. |
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Allport believed that the generalized and enduring traits that form the building blocks of our personalities are the ____ traits. |
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central |
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Allport's ______ traits are less generalized and far less enduring than other traits. |
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secondary |
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Frued used the term ______ to describe his interpretation of a patient;s revelations of unconscious thoughts during therapy. |
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psychoanalysis |
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Freud believed that the governing principle of the id was the _____ principle. |
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pleasure |
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Freud believed that the ego operated on the ______ principle. |
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reality |
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The correct order of Freud's stages of psychosexual development are: |
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Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital |
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Fixation is: |
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arrested development that results from exposure to either too little or too much gratification. |
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According to Jung, the personal unconscious is: |
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a reservoir of all repressed thought and feelings. |
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Adler argued that an intense feeling of personal incompetence and weakness was the result of: |
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inferiority complex. |
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The theoretical perspective that argues that we must focus on the uniqueness of each individual if we are to understand human personality is: |
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Humanistic Theory. |
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Unlike traditional behaviorists, social-learning theorists emphasize our: |
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external events. |
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The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) was designed to measure: |
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personality. |
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Tests that have ambiguous stimuli that allow respondents to place their own thought or feeling into their responses are called: |
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projective tests. |
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The psychic structure that seeks to delay gratification when satisfaction might bring disapproval from others is the: |
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personal control, delay in gratification |
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The most basic defense mechanism that underlies all other defense mechanisms is: |
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rationalization. |
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Maslow proposed that if all lesser needs are met, a person would be motivated toward: |
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self-actualization. |
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One main criticism of humanistic theories is that: |
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based on subjective, vague, non-verifiable observations. |
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Psychological states such as anxiety, depression, and agitation are labeled as ______ criteria for defining abnormal behavior. |
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emotional distress |
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The most widely used scheme today for classifying and diagnosing psychological disorders throughout the world is: |
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DSM IV |
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A generalized feeling of dread and apprehension, typically accompanied by physiological reactions, is: |
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anxiety disorder. |
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The most common psychological disorders in the United States are ______ disorders. |
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anxiety |
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Maria is afraid to leave her some to go shopping or even go to work: she avoids all public places. Maria suffers from a disorder known as: |
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Agoraphobia |
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The anxiety disorder characterized by persistent, unwanted, and unshakable thoughts and/or irresistible repeated actions is: |
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OCD |
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Freud explained phobias in terms of: |
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displace of anxiety to an object, situation, or social function that can be avoided. |
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From the biological perspective, people develop anxiety disorders as a result of: |
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unusually responsive nervous system. |
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Depression is the primary symptom of which class of disorders? |
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Mood disorders |
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A mood disorder characterized by intermittent periods of both depression and mania is called: |
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Bipolar |
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The data from twin, family, and adoption studies present strong evidence that _____ influences mood disorders. |
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genetics |
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The core symptoms that are characteristic of many forms of schizophrenia include disturbances in: |
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Perceptions, Thoughts, Emotions, Behavior |
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An anxiety disorder characterized by a persistent, irrational fear of performing some specific behavior in the presence of other people is called a: |
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Social phobia |
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A individual with ________ would be most likely to receive unnecessary medications or unnecessary surgery. |
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somatoform disorder |
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Individuals like Eve from The Three Faces of Eve who display a number of separate personalities are suffering from" |
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dissociative identity disorder |
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Which of the following categories of symptoms is not characteristic of the mood disorders? |
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** persistant depression |
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False perceptions that lack a sensory basis- such as hearing imaginary voices- are? |
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Hallucinations |
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The disturbances in emotional expression associated with schizophrenia are characterized: |
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by blunted/flat effect (no personality) |
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The fundamental assumption of psychoanalysis is that disordered behavior results from: |
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unconscious conflicts and repressed urges. |
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Systematic desensitization training has been shown to be more effective in treating _____ than ______. |
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Fear & Anxiety, General Anxiety Disorder |
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Which therapy technique can be helpful in both extinguishing irrational fears and for establishing new, more adaptive behaviors? |
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Systematic desensitization |
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Biomedical therapy is based on the assumption that: |
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1. behavior disorders result from biological abnormalities 2. physiological intervention treat symptoms of behavior disorders |
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A surgical procedure call the lobotomy is performed by: |
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neurosurgans. |
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Which statement about psychoactive drug use in therapy is true? |
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Most common biomedical treatment since 1950's |
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A potentially serious side effect of antipsychotic drugs is the development of: |
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tardive dyskinesia (TD) |
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The three general classes of antidepressant drugs include: |
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Tricyclics, Monoamine Oxide (MAO), Serotonin Reuptake |
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The basic aim of psychoanalysis can be described as to: |
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make the unconscious conscious. |
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Rational-emotive therapy tends to focus on ______. Cognitive behavior therapy focuses on _______. |
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Present, Past |
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Systematic desensitization involves: |
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training individual to relax when confronted with fear-inducing stimuli. |
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Electroconvulsive therapy is most effective for the treatment of: |
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depression. |
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In general terms, motivation can be considered: |
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innate, reduction of drives, cognitive motives, biologically based motives, sensation-seeking motives. |
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One of the earliest attempts to explain motivation was based on the notion of: |
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instinct |
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The view that organisms learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of reducing drives is referred to as: |
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Drive-reduction Theory |
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During emotional state, which of the following would indicate physiological arousal? |
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increased endocrine activity, metabolic changes, altered muscle tension |
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Trait theories of personality proved psychologist with: |
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describing and characterizing personality. |
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The personality theory that emphasized the importance of unconscious motivation and conflict to personality development is: |
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psychoanalytic theory |
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Freud considered dreams: |
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unconscious wishes |
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Freud believed that the ego used ________ to protect their personality from anxiety-producing thoughts and images. |
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defense mechanisms |
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In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential, or to be all one can be, is termed: |
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Self-actualization |
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Behaviorist and social-learning theorists favor the psychological assessment technique of: |
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Bandura's social cognitive perspective |
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Which of the following tests is considered to have good predictive validity in predicting school and job success? |
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CPI |
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Personality psychology may best be described as the study of: |
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individuals |
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Which of the following is not an important method used to assess an individual's personality? |
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** Behavioral observations, interview, paper/pencil, questionnaire, Projective |
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The fact that there is a decided tendency for schizophrenic disorders to run in families supports: |
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Biological perspective |
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Which therapy is more likely to use a rapid-fire directive approach and to employ a variety of technique? |
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Rational-emotive Therapy (RET) |
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