development is BEST defined as a pattern of growth that: |
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begins at birth and ends when the person begins to decline due to age |
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The field of human development is an interdisciplinary body of knowledge based on: |
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biology, psychology, neuroscience, education, medicine, and other relevant fields |
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Theories differ from opinions in that: |
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A theory's continued existence depends on scientific verification. |
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Piaget's theory of cognitive development proposed that development is |
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discontinuous, stating that children's perceptions are unique in each stage |
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According to the newest research on genetics, the ansxwer to the nature-nurture controversy is: |
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that one's genetic predisposition is influenced constantly by the environment, and can be changed by it |
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History-graded influences on development are those that: |
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explain why people born the same year tend to be more alike |
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The developmental concept that children are neither innately good nor evil, but are shaped by the experiences they have in their lives, is called: |
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Tabula rasa. |
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According to Piaget's congnitive-developmental theory, |
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children actively construct knowledge as they interact with their world |
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Piaget believed that: |
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in each stage of development, children have qualitatively distinct ways of understanding the world. |
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The developmental cognitive neuroscience approach to understanding development asks such questions as: |
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How do early experiences influence the growth and orginization of the young child's bran? |
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The greatest advantage of naturalistic observation is that it: |
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allows investigators to see directly how people actually behave in everyday life |
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The advantage or correlation research is that it can be used to study: |
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variables that actually exist, and that would be impossible or unethical to arrange or control experimentally |
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Random assignment to groups means that: |
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participants' characteristics or differences will be equally distributed across all treatment groups. |
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An independent variable is: |
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the aspect of the environment that the experiemtner manipulates in order to measure its impact on a dependent variable |
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When the same indi in a study r studied wen they r at 1 age,&then again when they r at a later age,this method of studying change is: |
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congitudinal study |
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To examine agechanges in memory strategy use,a resrchr present a group of 567yrolds various mem task 1 a yr for 3 yrs. example of dev study that: |
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cross-sequential method |
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the difference between an individual's genotype and hos or her phenotype becomes clear when: |
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brown-eyed parents have a blue-eyed child |
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Research shows that humans possess about _____________ genes |
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20,000 - 25,000 |
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The genetic sex of a baby is determind by |
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whether and x bearing or y bearing sperm fertilized the ovum |
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for eyes, brown color is dominant and blue recessive. they have brown eyes and their child has blue, we know that: |
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they must be carrying a recesive gene for blue eyes |
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According to typical genetic transmission in which only the father has an autosomal dominant disorder: |
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each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the disorder |
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Males are more likely than females to be negatively affected by x linked disorders because |
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the y chromosome lacks many corresponding alleles to override those carried on the x chromosome |
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down syndrome is most commonly caused by |
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failure of the 21st pair of chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis |
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a zygote that separates into two clusters of cells instead of just one produces |
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monozygotic or identical twins |
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this is a prenatal medical procedure where a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosome or metabolic disorders |
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amniocentesis |
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of all the prenatal diagnostic procedures, which two are the least invasive to the fetus and thus carry the least risk of injuring the fetus? |
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maternal blood analysis, ultrasound |
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a period of the embryo lasts from: |
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implantation through the eighth week of pregnancy |
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the age of viability occurs sometime between |
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22 and 26 weeks |
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the period of the ______ is the time when the most serious major defects from teratogens are most likely to occur because _____ this time. |
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embryo; the structural foundations for all organs and body parts are laid down during |
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exposure to a variety of substances prenatally, especially to illicit drugs, most often results in: |
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prematurity and low birth weight |
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the most serious complications for offspring ofwomen who smoke cigarettes throughout pregnancy include: |
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low birth weigh, infant death, and childhood asthma and cancer |
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if a prego woman decides to stop smoking during pregnancy, |
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the benefits are immediate, the fetus gets more oxygen, and is less likely to be born underweight or have other developmental problems |
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_______ is/are typical of children born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. |
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Mental retardation and learning problems |
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Children with Fetal Alcohol Effects show: |
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poor motor coordination, slower speed of information processing, poor judgment, and lower achievement in school. |
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the average newborn baby weights ____ and is ___ inches long |
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7.5 ; 20 |
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the APGAR scale rates characteristics of a newborn, including the baby's |
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heart rate, activity, color, and muscle tone |
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how did childbirth customs change after industrial revolution |
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drs assumed primary responsibility, |
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as a result of the natural birth, or nurse-midwife assisted, childbirth movement, |
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all of the above |
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the rooting reflex |
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helps a breastfed baby turn toward and find the mothers nipple |
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diane notices that lound sounds causes her baby to arch her back, throw head and arms back and then close them to body. baby exhibiting: |
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moro reflex |
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research has shown that breast feeding |
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provides the infant with the correct balance of fat and protein for a rapidly myelinating nervous system |
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at birth, the ____ is nearer than any brainother psysical structure to its adult size |
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brain |
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the presence of reflexes at birth indicate -,however,when reflexes persist longer than expected,they can signal _ |
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a healthy, intact nervous system p brain damage |
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studies of children living in extremly deprived romanian orphanages have demonstrated that: |
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cognitive catch-up growth was most impressive for those children who were adopted before 6 months of age |
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cross-cultural research shows that |
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cosleeping is the norm for apporximately 90 perccent of the worlds population |
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One possible explanation for the high frequency of bed time struggles in american homes is that |
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young children feel stressed when required to fall asleep alone without comfort or assistance |
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bottle-fed babies, compared to breast-fed babies: |
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have more allergic reactions and respiratory and intwestinal illnesses |
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if a baby first habituates to a green circle, and thenn recovers to habituate again to a blue circle, one can assume that the infant: |
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can distinguish between green and blue |
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infants from 2 days to several weeks old are able to imitate a whide variety of adult |
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facial expressions |
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rsrchrs agree that an infants cryin is communication,should be responded to,& responding to an infant's cry with comfort or feeding leads to |
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all of the above |
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at 6-7 mos,issac can pull himself to a sittin position and drag himself around by his arms.by 8-9 mos,he use legs to move forward. this demonstrates |
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the cephalocaudal trend |
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at 6 mos, sophia uses her whole hand to grasp objects. by 9 mos, she can reach for a cube with her fingers. this is ex of: |
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the poximodistal trend |
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research on hearing demonstrates that newborns: |
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can distinguish nearly all sounds in human languages |
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vision reaches a near adult level of about 20/20 by: |
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6 months |
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as the result of synaptic pruning, |
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seldom stimulated neurons lose their synspses |
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which motor activity typically develops first |
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grasps a cube |
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12 mo old landon methodically picks grass and places them in his toy dump truck. he is probably using |
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the pincer grasp |
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research has shown when babies are placed on a visual cliff, 2-3 mo babies _ the depth, but 9-11 mos will _ the depth |
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will fear, no longer fear |
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research indicates that _____ strengthens neural conncections involved in ____ |
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crawling; understanding of space |
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which of the following demonstrates intermodal perception |
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an infant hears the sound of a train and then says the word train |
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