Medical Terminology Chapter 5

Cardiovascularsystem cardi/ovascular consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood. Cardi/o - means heart vascul / means blood vessels -ar means pertaining to Heart is a hollow, muscular organ located between the lungs. It is a very effective pump that furnishes the power to maintain the blood flow needed throughout the entire body. The pointed lower end of the heart is known as the apex Pericardium peri/cardi/um is the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart also called the pericardial sac. Walls of the heart epi/cardi/um my/o/cardi/um endo/cardi/um epicardium - is the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium. myocardium- is the middle and thickest of the hearts three layers and consist of specialized cardiac muscle tissue. This muscle contraction and relaxation creates the pumping movement that maintains the flow of blood throughout the body endocardium- which consist of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart. epi- means above myo- muscle cardi-heart endo-/ within Coronary Arteries Which supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium Chambers of the heart atria ventricles interventricular atria - are the two upper chambers of the heart. They are the receiving chambers, and all blood vessels comong into the heart enter here. ventricles are the two lower chambers of the heart. they are the pumpong chamber and all blood vesels leaving the heart emerge from the ventricles. interventricular septum- are the ventricles of the heart which are seperated by the interventricular septum they are the pumping chambers. Valves the heart tricuspid valve pulmonary semilunar valve mitral valve aortic semilunar valve tricuspid valve- controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle. Tricuspid means having three cups(points) which describes the shape fo this valve pulmonary semilunar valve - is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery this valve is shaped like a half moon. mitral valve- known as the bicuspid valve, is located between the left atrium and left ventricle.bicuspid means having two cusps(points) aortic semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta / semilunar means half moon shape right atrium right ventricle left atrium left venticle right atrium receives oxygen - poor blood from all tissues except the lungs. right ventricle-pumps the oxygen poor blood through the pulmonary semilunar valve and into the pulmonary artery which carries it to the lungs. left atrium- receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the four pulmonary veins left ventricle receives oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium blood flows out of the LV through the aortic semilunar valve and into the aorta. Pulmonary Circulation pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins is the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs. pulmonary arteries - carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. this is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins. pulmonary veins- carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left artium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood. Systemic circulation includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs. heart beat to pump blood effectively throughout the body the contraction and relaxation of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence. the rate and regulartiy of the heart beat is dtermined by electrical impulses Sinoatrial node which is often referred to as the SA node , it establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat for this reason it is known as the natural pacemaker of the heart. atrioventricular node the impluses from SA node also travel to the atrioventricular node which is also known as the AV node. it tansmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His. Bundle of His Purkinje fibers is a group of fibers located within the interventrucular septum. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions These fibers relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles and it is this stimulation that causes the ventricles to contract. This contraction of the ventricles forces blood out of the heart and into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. arteries are large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body. Walls of arteries 3 layers aorta - which is the largest blood vessel in the body. carotid arteries- are the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head arterioles - are the smaller thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries. Veins form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart. veins have valves that enable blood to flow only toward the heart and prevent it from flowing away from the heart. Venae cavae are the two largest veins in the body . superior vena cava- transports blood from the upper portion of the body to the heart. inferior vena cava- transports blood from the lower portion of the body to the heart capillaries which are only one epithelial cell in thickness are the smallest blood vessels in the body. Pulse is the rhythmic pressure against the walls of the artery caused by the contraction of the heart Blood pressure Systolic pressure Diastolic pressure is the measurement of the amount of systoice and diatoslic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries. Systolic pressure- which occurs when the ventricles contract, is the highest pressure against the walls of an artery. Diastolic Pressure- which occurs when the ventricles are relaxed is the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery. Blood is the fluid tissue in the body. it is composed of 55% liquid plasma and 45% formed elements. Plasma Fibrinogen and prothrombin Serum is a straw-colored fluid that contains nutients,hormones and waste poduct. Fibrinogen and prothrombin - are the clotting proteins found in plasma. they are important in clot formation. Serum- is plasma fluid after the blood cells and the clotting proteins have been removed Etythrocytes erythr/ocytes are mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues. erythr/o means red -cytes-means cell Leukocytes leuk/ocytes are the blood cells involved in defending he body against infective organisms and foreign substance leuk/o- means white -cyts/ means cell Thrombocytes also known as platelets are the smallest formed elements of the blood. They play an important role in the clotting of blood. blood gases Oxygen (0 ) carbon dioxide (C0 ) nitrogen ( N ) Specialties related to cardiovascular system cardiologist - is a physician who specilizes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, dieases and disorer of the heart. hematologist - is a physician who specializes is diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases and disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues vascular surgeon- is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis, medical management and surgical treatment disorder of the blood vessels Atherosclerosis ather/o/sclerosis and ather/oma atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. It creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina (pain), myocardial infarction (heart attack) or death.. atheroma is a characteristic of atherosclerosis ather/o means fatty plaque build up -sclerosis / means abnormal hardening Congenital heart defects are structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth. Congenital means present at birth Ischemic Heart Disease is a group of cardiac diabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart. Ischemic means pertaining to disruption of the blood supply. Ischemia is a condition in which ther ia an insufficient oxygen supply due to a restricted blood flow by to a part of the body isch/ means to hold back -emia means blood Angina is a condition of episodes of severe chest pains due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium. myocardial infarction also known as a heart attack is the occlusion ( total blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup. infarction means sudden insufficiency of blood Heart Failure which is also referrred to as congestive heart failure occurs mostly in the elderly .. when the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood it receives decreased pumping action causes congestion which is fluid buildup caridomegaly cardi/o/megaly Is the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with the heart failure. Carditis / card/itis Endocarditis / end/o/card/itis Bacterial endocarditis Carditis -in an inflammation of the heart Endocarditis- is inflammation of the inner lining of the heart Bacterial endocarditis - is an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream card - means heat endo- means within itis- means inflammation Myocarditis / my/o/card/itis Pericarditis / peri/card/itis is an inflammationof the myocardium. this condition can develop as a complication of a viral infection. is an inflammation of pericardium that causes an accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac this restricts the beating of the heart and reduces the ability of the heart to pump blood throughout the body. Cardiomyopathy cardi/o/my/o/pathy is the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle cardi / means heart my/o means muscle pathy / means disease heart murmur is an abnormal sound heard when listening to the heart of neighboring large blood vessels. murmur are most often caused by defective valves valvulitis valvul/itis is inflammation of a heart valve. valvu/ means valve itis means inflammation valvular prolapse is the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely valvular stenosis is a conditon inwhich ther is norrowing, stiffening, thickening or blockage of one or more calves of the heart. Cardiac arrest is an event in which the heart abruply stops or develops a very abnoraml arrhythmia that prevents it from pumpong blood. Sudden cardic death results if treatment is not provided with a few minutes. Bradycardia brady/cardia is an abnormally slow restin heart rate then is when a heart beats less than 60 beats per minute brady / means slow card /mean heart ia/ means abnormal condition Tachycardia tachy/cardia is an abnormally rapid resting heart rate apllies if it is greater than 100 beats per minute tachy means rapid card means heart Palpitaions is the pounding or racing heart with or without irregulartiy in rhythm.. this is associate dwith certain heart disorders however it also occur as part of a panic attack Atrial fibrillation occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the artia are replaced by rapid irregular twiching of muscular heart walls also known as A fib Paroxysmal atrail tachycardia is an episode that begins and ends abruptly during which there are very rapid and regular heartbeats that orginate in the atrium caused by abnormality in the bodys electrical system Ventrucular fibrillation is the rapid irregular and useless contractions of the venticles instead of pumping stronglyt the heart muscle quivers ineffectively. this condition is caused of many sudden cardiac deaths Ventricular tachycardia also known as V Tach a very rapid heart beat that begins within the ventricles. this condition is potentially fatal because the heart is beasting so rapidly that it is unable to adequately pump blood through the body. For some patients this condition can be controlled with a cardioverter defibrillator Angiitis is the inflammaiton of a blood or lymph vessel also known as vasculitis angi/ means vessel itis / means inflammation Angiostenosis is the abnormal norrowing of a blood vessel angi/o means vessel stenosis / means narrowing hemangioma is a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels hem / means blood angi/ means blood or lymph vessel oma / means tumor Hypoperfusion is a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.. perfusion is the flow of blood through teh vessels of an organ. Polyarteritis is a form of angiitis involving several medium and small arteries at the same time poly/ mean many arter / means artery itis / mean inflammation Peripheral arterial occlusive disease is imparied circulation to the extremities and vital organs causes changes in the skin color and temperature plus intermittent claudication.. 20% of patients over 70 are effected Raynaud's phenomernon is a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in whcih intermittent attacks are triggered by cold or stress. due to consticted circulation signs are paleness cyanosis ( blue color) and then redness of fingers and toes.