|
1.
|
What % salt is the ocean?
|
|
3.5%
|
|
|
|
2.
|
1 mole = ?
|
|
6 x 10^23 molecules of water
|
|
|
|
3.
|
What % salt is the Galapagos water?
|
|
3.8%
|
|
|
|
4.
|
What does an Ionic form refer to?
|
|
a situation in which an electron has been removed form the outer shell of the atom
|
|
|
|
5.
|
What elements form ions when electrons are removed?
|
|
Calcium (loses 2 electrons, forms CA++)Magnesium (loses 2 electrons, forms Mg++) Sodium (loses 1 electron, forms NA+)
|
|
|
|
6.
|
What is a counter ion?
|
|
an ion with an opposite charge (whose element has accumulated electrons, gaining a negative charge)
|
|
|
|
7.
|
What are cations?
|
|
positively charged ions
|
|
|
|
8.
|
What are anions?
|
|
negatively charged ions
|
|
|
|
9.
|
How are salts formed?
|
|
When cations are paired with anions in a charge neutralizing way
|
|
|
|
10.
|
CaS04 (calcium sulfate) is known as what?
|
|
Gypsum
|
|
|
|
11.
|
MgSO4 (magnesium sulfate) is known as what?
|
|
Epson salt
|
|
|
|
12.
|
What is calcium carbonate?
|
|
NaCl (table salt)
|
|
|
|
13.
|
What is dolomite formed from?
|
|
CaCo3 and MgCO3Found in northern italy and many statues are made out of it
|
|
|
|
14.
|
What is vermillion produced from?
|
|
HsS (red colour used in paintings)
|
|
|
|
15.
|
What harmful things may dolomite supplements contain?
|
|
Arsenic, mercury and aluminum
|
|
|
|
16.
|
What do Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine and Iodine have in common?
|
|
They are in the same column in the peridodic table--they are all negatively charged with a value of -1 when they are in ionic form
|
|
|
|
17.
|
True/False: The ion is ALWAYS charged and the element is neutral.
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
18.
|
What is the weight diff between an element and its ion?
|
|
Much less than a microgram
|
|
|
|
19.
|
How is an element defined?
|
|
By the number of its protons
|
|
|
|
20.
|
What happens when sodium is put into water?
|
|
It burns and/or explodes
|
|
|
|
21.
|
What does ionic bonding mean?
|
|
That the ions involved will either gain or lose electrons, depending on the chemical behavior of the atoms involved
|
|
|
|
22.
|
What is KBr?
|
|
potassium bromide (a crystalline solid with a high melting point)
|
|
|
|
23.
|
Hydrocarbon is all tied up with carbons, meaning what?
|
|
It does not have any loose hydrogens
|
|
|
|
24.
|
Why are ionic species likely soluble in water?
|
|
Because water is relatively polar and can accomodate salts in solution
|
|
|
|
25.
|
How many protons and electrons does sodium have?
|
|
11 of each
|
|
|
|
26.
|
What was once used as a poisoning gas and had 17 protons and 17 electrons?
|
|
Cl2 (chlorine)
|
|
|
|
27.
|
What is a stable full outer shell refered to as?
|
|
full octet
|
|
|
|
28.
|
Before bonding, chlorine has how many electrons in its outer shell?
|
|
7 (one away from completing a "full" shell)
|
|
|
|
29.
|
What are the salt flats in Bolivia called?
|
|
Uyuni salt flats
|
|
|
|
30.
|
What lake in Kenya is a salted area that looks nice from an aerial perspective?
|
|
Magada Lake
|
|
|
|
31.
|
How many grams of salt is a small handful?
|
|
6 grams
|
|
|
|
32.
|
What is the reccomended daily intake of salt?
|
|
1.2 grams/day
|
|
|
|
33.
|
1 salt crystal is approximately what?
|
|
60 ug --micrograms
|
|
|
|
34.
|
What is a typical value for blood pressure?
|
|
120 (systolic) / 80 (diastolic)
|
|
|
|
35.
|
What value of blood pressure do most people in the 20s have?
|
|
110/70
|
|
|
|
36.
|
What value is an example of high blood pressure?
|
|
150/100
|
|
|
|
37.
|
What is a typical salt used to reduce intake of NaCl?
|
|
KCl (potassium)
|
|
|
|
38.
|
How molybdenum do we need/day?
|
|
2mg (2000 micrograms)
|
|
|
|
39.
|
Where can we find molybdenum?
|
|
nuts, canned veggies, breads, cereals, etc.
|
|
|
|
40.
|
What is Molybdenum an essential component of?
|
|
Certain enzymes, including Xanthine enzymes (which remove uric acid from the body, thus preventing gout disease)
|
|
|
|
41.
|
How much iron is needed/day?
|
|
10-20mg
|
|
|
|
42.
|
How much iron is found in the body?
|
|
1-2 grams (mostly in blood)
|
|
|
|
43.
|
What is hemochromatosis?
|
|
a genetic disorder where the body absorbs too much iron and it gets stored in the heart, liver, joints, and pancreas
|
|
|
|
44.
|
What is hemoglobin?
|
|
a large, complicated organic molecule that has an ion atom at its center. ("iron-carrying molecule")--carries oxygen to the body
|
|
|
|
45.
|
Iron is best absorbed with what?
|
|
Vitamin C
|
|
|
|
46.
|
What is Geritol?
|
|
An Iron supplement
|
|
|
|
47.
|
What is "Slow FE"?
|
|
A slow-release iron supplement that provides 260% of the daily requirement
|
|
|
|
48.
|
What is porphyria?
|
|
an inherited condition in which the body produces too much porphyn (can cause reddish skin and excessive hair) "werewolf" syndrom
|
|
|
|
49.
|
Aspergillus niger is a black fungus that causes respitory problems and needs what to grow?
|
|
Zinc
|
|
|
|
50.
|
How much of the body weight does Ionic zinc represent?
|
|
0.003% (approx. 2 grams) needed for the function of insulin
|
|
|
|
51.
|
How many people lack zinc?
|
|
20%
|
|
|
|
52.
|
What is anosmia?
|
|
condition in which an individual lacks proper sense of smell and taste (zinc is involved)
|
|
|
|
53.
|
What is Renaud's disease (circulation disease)
|
|
Disease where fingers and toes are blue (involved with zinc)
|
|
|
|
54.
|
Schizophrenia and prostate glands are involved with levels of what in the body?
|
|
Zinc
|
|
|
|
55.
|
How much zinc do we need/day?
|
|
50mg
|
|
|
|
56.
|
What is the problem with vegetarianism regarding zinc levels?
|
|
high fiber diet may interfere with zinc levels since fiber sequesters zinc
|
|
|
|
57.
|
How many known enzymes is zinc connected to?
|
|
200
|
|
|
|
58.
|
Deficiency in Iodine (I-) causes what?
|
|
goiters
|
|
|
|
59.
|
What is unique about the sublimation of iodine?
|
|
It sublimes from crystal to purple vapor (solid to gas, skipping the liquid form)
|
|
|
|
60.
|
What does the thyroid gland need iodine for?
|
|
fat metabolism
|
|
|
|
61.
|
Who discovered that the thyroid gland needs iodine for fat metabolism?
|
|
Theodore Kocher
|
|
|
|
62.
|
Goiter is a growth of what gland?
|
|
Thyroid (it is a reversible condition)
|
|
|
|
63.
|
T or F: seaweed is full of iodine.
|
|
True
|
|
|
|
64.
|
What % of commercial salts have added iodine in the form of Kl, or potassium iodide?
|
|
70% (0.01% of Kl is added
|
|
|
|
65.
|
How much Iodine is needed/day?
|
|
150 micrograms
|
|
|
|
66.
|
How much of the world population has iodine deficiency?
|
|
30% (2 billion ppl)
|
|
|
|
67.
|
What is the cost of adding iodine to salt?
|
|
5 cents/person/year
|
|
|
|
68.
|
What form of Selenium is the body exposed to?
|
|
Selenite oxide ion (properties similar to sulfur)
|
|
|
|
69.
|
Selenium functions as an antioxidant that works with which vitamin?
|
|
E
|
|
|
|
70.
|
What is a part of Glutathione Peroxidase that protects against oxidative damage?
|
|
Selenium
|
|
|
|
71.
|
How much Selenium is needed/day?
|
|
50 micrograms. Natural sources include garlic/onion, seaweed, nuts and tuna
|
|
|
|
72.
|
How much garlic does China produce year and how much is produced globally?
|
|
China: 75% of the garlic in worldGlobally: 12 million metric tonnes
|
|
|
|
73.
|
What is ingested the most in terms of micronutrients?
|
|
Calcium
|
|
|
|
74.
|
What does ionic calcium look like?
|
|
2+ ion (Ca^2+)
|
|
|
|
75.
|
Who determined that the body needs calcium for nerve impulses to function?
|
|
Dr. Sidney Ringer
|
|
|
|
76.
|
Most calcium that is ingested composes 99% of what?
|
|
our bones and teeth
|
|
|
|
77.
|
How much calcium is in bones?
|
|
1kg
|
|
|
|
78.
|
What % of calcium ingested is used for nerve transmission and blood clotting?
|
|
1%
|
|
|
|
79.
|
Recommended calcium intake.
|
|
Ages 0-10: 800mg/day10-20: 1200 mg/day20+: 800mg/day
|
|
|
|
80.
|
Low levels of what are linked to hypertension and heart disease?
|
|
calcium
|
|
|
|
81.
|
What % of the population does osteoporosis affect?
|
|
10% (there are 350 000 hip fractures/year in the US)
|
|
|
|
82.
|
What deals with problems of resorption?
|
|
osteoperosis
|
|
|
|
83.
|
What is resorption for 40-50 yr old women/year ?
|
|
1-5% (of bone mass is lost)this occurs in men 10-20 years later
|
|
|
|
84.
|
At a rate of 5% loss/year, how much of the bone mass is lost in 14 years?
|
|
50%
|
|
|
|
85.
|
10% loss in hip mass relates to what % increased risk in fractures?
|
|
170%
|
|
|
|
86.
|
In a study of 165000 fractures, what % die in three months? One year?
|
|
3 months -- 17% One year -- 27%
|
|
|
|
87.
|
What are osteoclasts ?
|
|
cells that remove calcium from the bone and form the body
|
|
|
|
88.
|
What are osteoblasts?
|
|
cells that fix calcium onto bones
|
|
|
|
89.
|
What is an inhibitor of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption?
|
|
fosamax--it inhibits the action of osteoclasts
|
|
|
|
90.
|
What are some side effects of fosamax?
|
|
Gl tract abnormalities, nausea, cramping, gas and obstipation (severe constipation)
|
|
|
|
91.
|
What is Zometa?
|
|
Another reclast product that prevents osteoporosis
|
|
|
|
92.
|
What is caltrate?
|
|
A calcium supplement in the form of calcium carbonate
|
|
|
|
93.
|
CaC03 is essentially what?
|
|
limestone
|
|
|
|
94.
|
When in contact with acid, rocks that have CaCO3 will realease what?
|
|
Carbon dioxide (bubbling)
|
|
|
|
95.
|
Whatis the dissolution rate of Os-Cal?
|
|
100% within 30min, whereas Oyster Shell calcium suplements are 2.3%/30min
|
|
|
|
96.
|
Why might calcium supplements increase risk of hip fracture? (study found that it increases it by 60%)
|
|
Calcium citrate and calcium carbonate interfere with phosphate absorbtion
|
|
|
|
97.
|
Food sources of phosphate.
|
|
Milk, cheese, yogurt, meat, fish, chicken, turkey, coca cola
|
|
|
|
98.
|
How much phosphate is needed/day?
|
|
1000-1500mg (most of out all micronutrients)
|
|
|
|
99.
|
How much higher is the bone density of a nondepressed person?
|
|
20%
|
|
|
|
100.
|
What does taking Prilosec, Nexium and Prevacid do at the same time as lowering acid in the stomach?
|
|
It can interfere qith calcium absorbtion by stopping HCl production in stomach
|
|
|
|
101.
|
Ratio between short term and long term low stomach acid's relationship to increase in hip fractures
|
|
1.44 : 2.65
|
|
|
|
102.
|
What is the risk for women taking calcium?
|
|
Increased change of heart disease (50% more)
|
|
|
|
103.
|
How to prevent calcium build-ups in arteries?
|
|
Take vitamin D with calcium
|
|
|
|
104.
|
32 Amino Acid peptide that has a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism
|
|
Calcitonin
|
|
|
|
105.
|
Bone cells have what kind of receptor?
|
|
Estrogen receptors (estrogen increases bone mass)
|
|
|
|
106.
|
What was the most perscribed drug in the US before it was linked to uterine and breast cancer?
|
|
Premarin (estrogen)--usually taken with progestin
|
|
|
|
107.
|
What is Raloxifine?
|
|
estrogen mimic with fewer side effects
|
|
|
|
108.
|
What is estrogen taken with to reduce uterine cancer?
|
|
Progestin (prempo)
|
|
|
|
109.
|
Postmenopausal women who take estrogen increase chance of getting cancer by?
|
|
3.5 to 5%
|
|
|
|
110.
|
What is the absolute risk of having a heart attack as a woman?Absolute risk of having uterine cancer?
|
|
31% 3%
|
|
|
|
111.
|
Fluoride Ion (fluoridation) has been used to treat what?
|
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
|
112.
|
What does fluoride help do?
|
|
BUILD BONESIt stimulates osteoblast cell formation
|
|
|
|
113.
|
What is boron important for?
|
|
bone formationSodium borate (Boron salt) has been showed to do this
|
|
|
|
114.
|
What is borax?
|
|
a commercial cleanser
|
|
|
|
115.
|
Where does sodium Borate come from?
|
|
Mojave Desert in california
|
|
|
|
116.
|
What does vitamin D need to maintain calcium levels?
|
|
500 IU/day and UV-B light
|
|
|
|
117.
|
Estrogen supplements after menopause do what?
|
|
reduce risk of osteoporosis
|
|
|
