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Physical Resources |
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Result from the deposition, precipitation, or accumulation of useful substances in the ocean or seabed
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Biological Resources |
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Living animals and plants collected for human use |
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Nonextractive Resource |
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Uses of the ocean in place--transportation of people and commodities by sea recreation and waste disposal. |
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Renewable Resources |
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Natrually replaced by the growth of marine organisms or by other natural physical processes |
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Nonrenewable Physical Resources |
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-Most physical resources are mineral deposits (from non living processes) I.E. Petroleum and Natural gas, mostly remnants of once-living organisms. |
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Destillation |
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(from Freshwater) Heat water, condense steam, Salt remains |
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Reverse Osmosis |
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Water forced through a semi-permeable membrane |
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Why is it difficult to study the ocean? Why has the ocean remained largely unexplored? |
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-Extreme pressure/access -Extreme tempreture -Size -Movement (life) -Water Movements -Funding -Political/Social Priority -Take it for granted -Saftey concerns/fire
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Direct Measurements |
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Length/Weight using a ruler |
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Proxy Measurements |
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The agency, function, or office of a deputy who acts as a subsite for another. Comparing it to something else i.e. the length of a tree compared to a man. |
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Eulerian |
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1st way to measure current. Fixed point. |
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Lagrangian |
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2nd way to measure current. I.E. rubber duckies see where they go (satellite attached to them). |
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Latitude |
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North/South Position |
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Longitude |
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East/West Position |
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Euphoric Zone |
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Enough light for photosynthesis. 1% light. 1m-100m |
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-Photic Zone |
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Light zone (top layer of light in the ocean) |
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Disphotic |
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Enough light to see .1% light. 100-200m |
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Aphotic Zone |
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No light. 200m and below |
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Eppelogic |
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Depth Zone 1. sunlight Zone 0-200m |
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Mesopelagic |
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Depth Zone 2. 200-1000 m. |
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Bathypelagic |
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Depth Zone 3. 1000-4000 m. |
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Abyssopelogic |
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Depth Zone 4. Most of the ocean is in this zone 4000-6000 meters. |
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Hadalpelogic |
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Depth Zone 5. Deepest part 6,000-11,000. Deepest point in ocean Mariana trench 11,022m. |
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ROV |
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Remotely Operated Vehicles |
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CTD |
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Ships check these elements when exploring: Conductivity (Salinaty: the saltiness of the water), Tempreture, Depth. |
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AUV |
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Autonomous Underwater Vehicles--not teather, used for exploring, programed the path before it goes, covers 100 meters, surveys the area |
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Alvin |
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Submarine-45 years old, can only cover 63% of the ocean floor, 4500 dives, 4000 meters |
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Nereus |
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Hybrid between ROV/AUV can go down to 11,00 meters, first expedition this past march, went to challenger deep (deepest point in the ocean) |
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Depth Measurents: Before and Modern |
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Before: depth was determined by using a line and tying knots. Modern: Beam of sound waves travels to bottom and is reflected back to ship.Through Satelite-Geostat.
Depth= V (t/2)
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Hypothermal Vents:
Where does the hot water come from?
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Up to 400 C. Ph can reach 2-3 (can melt lead just based on acidity). Rich in sulficides.
Hot water comes from volcanoes at the bottom of the sea
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Pressure and Water Boiling Relationship |
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The More Pressure the Higher the Tempreture neccessary to make water boil. |
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Mid Oceanic Ridge |
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High Volcanic Activity. -Hot magma makes it more buoyant (higher) -Earthquakes associated with it. -Heat generated by radioactive decay -Surface of Earth sculpted by movement of heat generated in Earth's core. |
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Convenction Cells |
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Heat rising, cooling, going back down to the core --> driving hypothermal vents and continental drift. |
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Divergent Plate Coundary |
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-Hot magma comes to surface to form a new crust. Old crust moves down. Mantel solid but like "silly putty". When the plates are going down --> trenches. Oceanic plates denser, heavier, and older.
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Sea Floor Spreading |
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Evidence:
Balsaltic magma rises to create new ocean floor at the mid-ocean ridges. On each side of the ridge, sea floor moves from the ridge towards deep-sea trenches where it is subducted and recycled.
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Abiotic |
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Chemistry: pressure, hot, acidic, minerals |
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Biotic |
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Life: Alvinella living on the base of them, can survice at 78C in Hypothermal Vents |
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Endosymbionts |
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In bacteria/lives together |
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Chemosynthesis |
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The use of chemicals to get the energy |
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Mid Atlantic Ridge |
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More iron, lots of shrimp and mussels, sulfer deposits |
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Whale Falls |
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When Whales die; animals live on the decomposed carcus on the sea floor. -Osedex-new species found hear "boneeater" eats lipids inside the bone. |
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Color of Fish |
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Mainly Red or Transparent--much harder to see |
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Why is the ocean blue? |
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Light has different wavelengths. Top 10 meters lose all red/yellow particles it dissapartes. Purple has so much energy it gets scattered off of particles. Blue and Green go down the farthest and get reflected back into your eyes. |
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Climate |
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Average weather: tempreture, precipitation, cloudiness. Long term statistics. Atmosphere (air), Hydrosphere (water), Lithosphere (crust), and Biosphere |
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Heat vs. Tempreture |
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Heat: How many and rapidly atoms vibrate
Tempreture: how rapidly atoms vibrate
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Heat Capacity |
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Amount of heat required to bring a substance to a certain tempreture varies 1.00 water .2granite (calories/gram/degrees) |
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Latent Heat |
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"hidden heat" heat associated with a change phase but no change in tempreture |
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Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) |
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Band of clouds where it rains a lot |
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Ekman Transport |
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Forms dome-which sinks compressing the layers beneath forcing those layers to spead, thermocline is pushed deeper |
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Jet Stream |
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Divides the polar cell from the ferral cell |
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Heat Budget |
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How much Sun is goin in and where it goes |
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