Immunology Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

Two types of host defense systems innate and adaptive immunity first line of defense; nonspecific; always present innate immunity specific or acquired defense adaptive immunity two major classes of lymphocytes in adaptive immunity B and T cells lymphocyte most responsible for the clearance of extracellular microbes B cells lymphocyte population most responsible for the clearance of intracellular microbes T cells classes of T cells helper, cytolytic, regulatory substance, usually foreign, that reacts with an antibody antigen substance, usually foreign that elicits an immune response immunogen lymphocyte population that secretes antibodies B cells (plasma cells) lymphocyte population that directly kills infected cells cytotoxic T cells lymphocyte population that helps B cells make antibodies T helper cells lymphocyte population that helps activate macrophages T helper cells active immunity that is naturally acquired recovery from infection active immunity that is artificially acquired vaccination passive immmunity that is artificially acquired injection of immune globulin passive immunity that is naturally acquired placental transfer of IgG passive immunity that is naturally acquired breast feeding of IgA Maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has not yet engaged antigen naive lymphocyte maturation stage of a mature lymphocyte that has been activated by antigen effector lymphocyte maturation stage of mature lymphocyte that is long lived and ready to rapidly respond to antigen on the second/subsequent exposures memory lypmphocyte secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to blood-borne antigens spleen secondary lymphoid tissue where the response occurs to tissue-borne antigens lymph nodes, MALT, GALT, BALT major cell types involved in innate immunity granulocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils granulocytes primary lymphoid tissue bone marrow, thymus anatomic location where stem cells reside bone marrow anatomic site of B cell maturation bone marrow anatomic site of T cell maturation thymus cells that capture and present peptides to T cells antigen-presenting cells (APC) professional antigen presenting cells dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells, FDC Response to first exposure to an antigen primary immune response response to repeat encounters with same antigen secondary immune response major antibody produced in serum during primary immune response IgM major antibody produced in serum during secondary immune response IgG anatomic location of T cells in lymph nodes paracortex anatomic location of B cells in lymph nodes follicle (cortex) anatomic location of T cells in spleen periarteriolar sheath specialized venules in lymph nodes where T cells enter high endothelial venules cellular receptors for microbial antigens on innate immune cells pathogen recognition receptors LPS, peptidoglycan, lipoteichoic acid, viral RNA, fungal mannans pathogen associated molecular patterns general characteristics of innate immunity no induction period, specificity or memory extensive physical barrier to infection epithelial lining of portals of entry most active phagocytic cell and most abundant circulating WBC neutrophil neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells phagocytic cells lyosozyme, reactive oxygen intermediates, nitric oxide microbicidal molecules of phagocytes enzyme responsible for production of reactive oxygen species phagocyte oxidase pro-inflammatory cytokines that target endothelium, among others TNF, IL-1 adhesion molecules expressed on endothelium that mediate rolling of leukocytes E and P selectins adhesion molecules expressed on leukocytes that mediate thethering of leukocytes integrins lymphocytes of innate immunity that provide early defense against viral infections NK cells major sourse of interfereon-y (IFN) in innate immune system NK cellss structural domains found on inhibitory receptors of NK cells ITIMs structural domains found on activating receptors of NK cells ITAMs intraepithelial lymphocytes that are early sentinels of bacterial infections gamma delta T cells activator of classical pathway of complement antibody binding to C1q activator of alternative pathway of complement binding of C3b to microbial surfaces activator of lectin pathway of complement terminal mannose residues of microbial glyoproteins major opsonin generated by complement activation C3b pro-inflammatory molecules generated by complement activation C3a and C5a polymeric protein complex that lyses microbes membrane attack complex (MAC), C6-C9 cytokines that activate endothelium TNF and IL-1 class of cytokines that increase integrin affinity and are chemotacic chemokines cytokine that induces interfereon-gamma production by NK cells and T cells IL-12 cytokine that activates macrophages IFNgamma anti-viral cytokines IFNa/b (Type I IFNs) cytokine that down-regulates immune responses IL-10 pro-inflammatory cytokines TFN, IL-1, IL-6 inducers of acute phase response IL-6, TNF, IL-1 induces proliferation of plasma cells IL-6 C-reactive protein, mannose-binding lectin and others acute phase proteins signals generated by innate immune response to stimulate lymphocytes B7, C3d, and IL-12 substances given with vaccines that stimulate immune responses adjuvants neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, basophils, esinophils cells quantified on a CBC