Explain The Concept Of Tonicity And Its Types Flashcards

A liquid such as water that can hold another substance in a solution. Solvent A substance that is either dissolved or suspended in a solution. Solute A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as another solution. Isotonic Solution A solution that has MORE solutes than another solution. Hypertonic Solution A solution that has FEWER solutes than another solution. Hypotonic Solution 0.9 Sodium Chloride or NS is an example of ______ used in a hospital setting. Isotonic Solution Elements or compounds that dissolve in water and separate into ions that carry an electric current. Electrolytes What is the percentage of body water in a young adult, the elderly, and infants. (3 answers) Young Adult: 60% Elderly: 45% Infants: 80% An infants BSA is greater than that of an adult relative to his/her weight, with that and a high metabolism and Immature kidneys, these factors puts the infant at a risk for: Fluid Volume Defecit This is triggered by the hypothalamus. As we age it becomes diminished, putting the elderly at risk for fluid volume defecit. Thirst Mechanism What electrolyte mainy controls the distribution of water throughout the body? Sodium What is the dominant Cation in ICF? Pottasium (K+) What is the dominant Anion in ICF? Phosphorous (PO4-) What is the dominant Cation in ECF? Sodium (Na+) What is the dominant Anion in ECF? Chloride (Cl-) What amount of body water is intracellular fluid? 2/3 What amount of body water is extracellular? 1/3 Estracellular fluid consists of two compartments. What are they? Interstitial Fluid Intravascular Fluid What four processes do solutes and solvents move across the membranes? Diffusion Osmosis Filtration (Hydrostatic Pressure) Active Transport (requires energy) The MOVEMENT OF WATER through a semipermiable membrane from a solution with a lower solute concentration to one with a higher solute concentration. Osmosis What is the pulling power of a solution for water? Osmotic Pressure Term used to express osmotic pressure? Osmolality* *The higher the osmolality the greater the pulling power of water What is the Normal Serum Olsmolality Level? 280-300 mOsm/kg The process by which large particles, such as protien, that can pull fluid from tissues into the vessels by osmosis? Colloidal Osmotic Pressure The movement of a solute in a solution across a semipermable membrane from an area of higher solute concentration to a area of lower solute concentration until both sides are equal. Diffusion This requires energy to move substances across cell membranes. It allows larger molecules to enter the cell moving thise particles uphisl from areas of lower concentration to areas of higher concenteration. Active Transport This hormone is manufactured in the hypothalamus and is stored in the posterior pituitary gland . It makes the kidneys more permable to water. ADH This hormone is realesed by the Adrenal Cortex it causes the kidneys to reabsorb Na+ and water while exreting K+. Aldosterone Because Sodium retention leads to water retention, Aldosteron acts as a _______. Volume Expander The production of Aldosterone is stimulated by: Decreased _____ _____ _____ _____ and increased _____ Decreased: B/P, Blood Volume, Sodium (Na+) Increased: Potassium (K+) Aldosterone is NOT produced with Increased _____ _____ _____ _____ and decreased _____ Increased: B/P, Blood Volume, Sodium (Na+) Decreased : Potassium (K+) The average adult releases ____-____ ml of fluid output daily 2600-3600 ml With what four organs does fluid ouput occur? Kidneys 1500 ml/day (Sensible) Skin 600ml/day (Insensible lungs 400ml/day (Insensible) GI tract 100 ml/day (Sensible) When fluid loss is not perceived b the individual, it is called _________ Insensible Fluid Loss When fluid loss is perceived by the individual, it is called ________ Sensible Fluid Loss What is the functioning unit of the kidney? Nephron The nephron filters blood at a rate of _______/min 125ml What amounf of uring/kg of body weight/hour is produced by all ages. 1 ml/hr Name two common fluid imbalances in the body. Edema and Dehydration When water and electrolytes gained or lost in equal proportion Isotonic fluid imbalances When only water is gained or lost Osmolar fluid imbalances What occurs when water and electrolytes are lost in equal proportions? Isotonic Dehydration Fluid losses are primarily in the ____ (the least stable fluid compartment) Extra Cellular Fluid (ECF) This occurs when more water is lost than electolytes Osmolar Dehydration A lower Serum Osmolality suggests... Fluid Overload A higher Serum Osmolality suggests... Fluid Dehydration These two values are often high due to Hemoconcentration. Hct and BUN Normal Serum Soduim Level 135-145 mEq/L Normal Serum Potassium Level 3.5-5.0 mEq/L Normal Serum Calcium Level 8.5-10.5mg/dl Normal Serum Chloride Level 95-108 mEq/L Normal Serum Phosphate Level 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Normal Serum Magnesium Level 1.4-2.1 mEq/dL Normal Serum Bicarbonate Level 22-26 mEq/dL Name the 3 types of IV Solutions Isotonic (NS 0.9) Hypotonic (1/2 NS 0.45) Hypertonic (D5NS) What is the main role of Na+ To control water distribution and maintian normal fluid balance Sodium dilution from increased volume states Dilutinal Hyponatremia This is caused by excessive administration of hypotonic fluids, diseases that add increased volume, an increase in ADH, drining excessive amounts of water, excessive Na+ losses from profuse perspiration , GI losses, and Diuresis Hyponatremia Signs and symptoms of Hyponatremia Water shifts from vascular space into the cells causeing headache and altered mental status Abdominal cramps, anorexia, nausea, and diarrhea. This is caused by Excess sodium intake, or excessive infusion of sodium fluids, decreased sodium loss, excessive water loss, Renal failure, increased aldosterone Hypernatremia Signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia Whater shifts from Cells (cellular dehydration) into the vascular space. Dry mucous membranes, thirst, decreased urin ouput, agitation , dosorentation , seizures What is the main role of K+ maintain cell membrane electric potential. Neuromuscular function Duretics, excessive loss of GI fliuds, increase secretion of Asldosterone, and high glucose levels leading to diuresis leads to Hypokalemia Signs and symptoms of Hypokalemia Weak thready pulse, EKG changes, Paralytic ileus and Muscle weakness: leg cramps This is caused by excessive intake from foods, salt substitues, IV infusion of KCL, decreased secretion due to renal failure, adrenal insufficiency, ACE inhibitors, decreased Aldosterone, massive Tissue trauma and it is rare in those individuals with normally functioning kidneys Hyperkalemia Signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia EKG changes, Irregular slow heart rate, Increased peristalsis, causeing nausea, vomiting or diarrhea Principle functions of this elecrolyte include enhanced bone strength, normal clotting of the blood and regulation of neuromuscular irritability Calcium Hypoparathyroidism , decreased magnesium leves inadequate Vitamin D, increased Phosphorus levels cause this Hypocalcemia Signs and Symptoms of Hypocalcemia Decreased blood pressure and decreased myocardial contractility, increased bleeding, nubness of fingers and toes, Tetany, positive Chvostek's sign and Positive Trousseau's sign Positive Chvostek's sign is described as Tapping on the face at the point just anterior to the ear and just below the cheek bone. Positive if twitching of the facial muscles occurs Positive Trousseau's sign is described as inflating a B/P cuff above systolic blood pressue for several minutes. Positive if flexion of the wrist and metacarpophalageal joints and hyperesxtension of the fingers and flexion of the thumb on palm occurs Bones stones and grones, hyperparathyroidism, metastic cancer and decreased phosphourus levels are significant in patients with Hypercalcemia this is clossaly associated with serum sodum levels, principle functions include serum osmolality and water balance, regulation of pH of stomach Chloride (Cl-) Caused by decreased intake or absorption, prolonged vomiting , sweating, diarrhea, or GI drainage, Na+ and K+ deficiency Hypochloremia Caused by certain drugs that lead to retention, usually associated with increased Na+ levels Hyperchloremia Thees two elecrolytes have an inverse relationship when one is up the other is down Calcium and Phosphorus This causes Increased Serum Calcium Levels (hypercalcemia) and Decresed Serum Phosphorus Levels(hypophosphatemia) Hyperparathyroidism This causes Decreased Serum Calcium Levels (hypocalcemia) and Increased Serum Phosphorus Levels (hyperphosphatemia) Hypoparathyroidism Name the common complications with IV therapy Infiltration Phlebitis/Thrombophlebitis Infection (local or systemic) Fluid Overload Bleeding the end