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What affects the amount and distribution of body fluids? |
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Age, gender, and amount of fat |
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How much water does a fat cell contain? |
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Almost NO water. |
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Water in all spaces is exchanged ____ while maintaing constant fluid volume. |
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continually |
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What triggers the sensation of thirst? |
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A rising blood osmolarity or a decreasing blood volume. |
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What are sensations are felt by a human that trigger thirst? |
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Dry mouth, or thought of not having a drink for a while |
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Of all the water loss pathways, which is the most important and most sensitive? |
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The kidneys |
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The kidneys ____ and ____ water loss. |
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Regulate, Adjust |
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What is the minimum amount of urine per day needed to excrete toxic waste products? |
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400-600 mL |
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What is the minimum volume of urine called? |
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obligatory urine output |
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If 24-hr urine output falls below the obligatory output amount wastes are retained and could cause? |
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lethal electrolyte imbalances, acidosis, and a toxic buildup of nitrogen. |
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insensible water loss |
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water loss from the skin, lungs, and stool |
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What is the amount of sweating controlled by? |
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Anotomic Nervous System, body temp, and blood flow in the skin |
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What does the endocrine system help control? |
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fluid and electrolyte imbalances |
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Three hormones that help control critical fluid and electrolyte imbalances are |
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aldosterone, Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and natriuretic peptide (NP) |
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The hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex whenever sodium level in the extracellular fluid (ECF) is decreased. |
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Aldosterone |
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prevents both water and sodium loss |
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aldosterone |
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prevents excessive kidney excretion of sodium and prevents blood potassium levels from becoming too high. |
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aldosterone |
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vasopressin, produced in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland |
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ADH antidiuretic hormone |
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Releases from the posterior pituitary gland, controlled by the hypothalamus in response to change in the blood osmolarity. |
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ADH |
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Secreted in repsonse to increased blood volume and BP because it is stretching the heart tissue. |
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natriuretic peptide (NP) |
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creates effects that are opoposite of aldosterone |
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NP |
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