FAMR 230 Exam 1

Lifespan Development Continues through life 3 Interrelated areas of Lifespan development Physical, cognitive, psychosocial Cohort A group of people born around the same time in the same place Continuous change Gradual developments where achievements BUILD on previous level Discontinuous change Distinct steps, each behavior brings out a different change Critical period Time during development where stimuli has its greatest consequences (Long lasting, irreversible consequences) Sensitive period Reversible consequences, if stimuli are removed Maturation Any factor that is produced by the predetermined unfolding of genetic information Freud's psychoanalytic theory UNCONCIOUS forces act to determine personality and behavior, the unconscious is a part of a person's personality that they are unaware of. i.e. hidden wishes/desires Freud's 3 components of personality id - raw, unorganized inborn part of personality present at birth, pleasure principleego-rational and reasonable, buffer between world and idsuperego-person's conscience, distinctions between right and wrong Erikson's psychosocial theory Society and culture shape us Psychosocial development Changes in our interactions with and understandings of one another as well as in our knowledge and understanding of us as members of society Behavioral perspective (SKINNER) Keys to understanding development are observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment Operant conditioning Form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive/negative consequences Behavior modification Formal technique of promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones Piaget's cognitive theory All pass through fixed sequence series of universal stages of cognitive development, quality of knowledge and understanding Humanistic perspective People have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior Bioecological approach Perspective that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture Scientific method Posing and answering questions using systematic, orderly observation and data collection Hypothesis Prediction that can be tested Naturalistic observation Naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention Case studies Interviews Independent variable Variable that researches manipulate Dependent variable Variable that researchers expect to change and measure Sample Group of participants chosen for an experiment Longitudinal research Behavior of one or more participants is measured as they age Cross-sectional research People of different ages are compared at the same time Sequential studies Examine number of different age groups over several points in time Zygote Fertilized egg Chromosomes 23 pairs for humans Monozygotic twins Identical twins, one egg Dizygotic twins Fraternal twins, two eggs Boy or girl Determined by the 23rd chromosome, XY - boy XX - girl Down syndrome Extra chromosome in 21st pair Genetic counseling Helps people deal with issues related to inherited disorders Chriionic villus sampling Test used to find genetic defects, uses samples of hair-like material that surrounds embryo Amniocentesis Identifies genetic defects using sample of fetal cells Fertilization Sperm + ovum = zygote Stages of prenatal period Germinal- First two weeks after conception, shortest period. Division and differentiation of cells occur.Embryonic- 2-8 weeks, critical period, organs developFetal- 8 weeks - birth, last stage of prenatal development Teratogen Environmental agent (drug, virus, etc.) that produces birth defect Neonate Term for newborn Episiotomy Incision made to increase size of vagina allowing baby to pass (GOD DAMN) Apgar scale Rating system for new born's health, 7-10 is a healthy baby Anoxia Restriction of oxygen to baby during birth process that can produce brain damage Bonding Close physical and emotional contact between parent and child immediately following birth. Preterm infants Infants born prior to 38 weeks after conception Low birth weight infants Infants who weigh less than 5.5 lbs at birth Small for gestational age infants Delayed fetal growth causes infants to weigh 90% or less of infants of the same gestational age very low birthweight infants Infants who weigh less than 2.25 grams or have been in the womb less than 30 weeks Reflexes Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur automatically from certain stimuli Habituation Decrease in response to stimulus after it appears repeatedly Cephalocaudal principle Principle that growth begins at the head and upper body parts and proceeds downwards Proximodistal principle Principle that development proceeds from center of body outwards Synaptic pruning Elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation Myelin Fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds transmission of nerve impulses Plasticity degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable Rhythms Repetitive, cyclical patterns of behaivor State Degree of awareness an infant displays to internal and external stimulation Gross motor skills Involves the whole body Fine motor skills Hand-eye coordination, picking up a cup to drink Developmental norms Average performance of large sample of children at a given age Malnutrition improper amount and balance of nutrient, produces several results, none good. Marasmus for children under 1 Piaget's approach Qualitative, all children must pass through 4 universal stages Schemes Organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning Assimilation Incorporates new information Accommodation Changes information Deferred imitation Person who is no longer present is imitated later Information processing approaches Model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information Holophrases One-word utterances that stand for a whole phrase Telegraphic speech 2 word speech (doggy go) Infant directed speech Speech for infants, short simple sentences Stranger anxiety Caution and wariness displayed by an infant encountering a stranger Separation anxiety Distress when customary care provider departs Social smile Smiling in response to others Social referencing Looking to trusted adult on how to act in unfamiliar situations Attachment Social bond between child and an individual Ainsworth Strange Situation sequence of staged episodes that illustrates strength of attachment between child and mother Secure attachment pattern Style of attachment that uses mother as home base, at ease when present, uneasy when she leaves and runs to her when she returns. Reciprocal socialization infant's behavior bring responses from parents and caregivers, which brings out more response from infants Personality Characteristics that differentiates one from another Trust verus mistrust stage Period where infants develop sense of trust or mistrust, depending on how needs are met by caregiver -Erikson Autonomy-versus-shame-and doubt stage Period which toddlers (18 months - 3 years) develop independence if they are free to explore or shame if they are restricted Temperament Patterns of arousal and emotionality that are constant and enduring characteristics Goodness of fit Notion that development is dependent on degree of match between children's temperament and the nature and demands of the environment in which they are being raised.