Cerebellum |
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balance and posture; sensorimotor learning and some other aspects of cognitive functioning |
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Cerebellum in conjunction with basal ganglia and motor cortex |
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vital to performance of coordinated and refined motor movements |
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Smaller-than-normal cerebellum |
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linked to Autism |
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Damage to cerebellum |
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Ataxia (slurred speech, severe tremors, loss of balance) |
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Reticular Formation |
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respiration, coughing, vomiting, posture, locomotion, REM sleep |
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Reticular Activating System (RAS) |
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part of reticular formation; consciousness, arousal, wakefulness; screens sensory input (esp. during sleep), arouses higher centers of brain when imp. info. must be processes |
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Damage to Reticular Formation |
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disruption of sleep-wake cycle, can produce coma-like state of sleep |
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Forebrain |
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subcortical and cortical structures |
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Name subcortical structures |
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thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system |
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Thalamus |
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"relay station," transmits incoming sensory information to the appropriate areas of the cortex for all senses except olfaction (that goes directly to amygdala); motor activity, language, memory |
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Korsakoff Syndrome |
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thalamus, mammillary bodies of hypothalamus; thiamine deficiency, usually from alcoholism; severe anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, confabulation |
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hypothalamus |
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hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, body temp, movement, emotional reactions, initiates responses needed to maintain homeostasis |
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Damage to hypothalamus |
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uncontrollable laughter, intense rage, aggression |
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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located in hypothalamus; mediates sleep-wake cycle and other circadian rhythms; maybe involved in seasonal affective disorder |
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Structures of basal ganglia |
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caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra |
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Basal Ganglia |
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planning, organizing, coordinating voluntary movement, regulating amplitude and direction of motor actions, sensorimotor learning, stereotyped motoric expressions of emotional states (such as smiling when happy) |
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Disorders with motor symptoms that are associated with basal ganglia |
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Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, Tourette's syndrome |
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Other basal ganglia-related disorders |
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mania, depression, ocd, psychosis |
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Limbic system |
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primarily associated with the mediation of emotion |
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Parts of the limbic system |
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Amygdala, Hippocampus |
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Amgdala functions |
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integrates, coordinates, directs motivational and emotional activities, attaches emotions to memories, involved in recall of emotionally-cahrge experiences |
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Kluver-Bucy syndrome |
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lesions in the amygdala and temporal lobes in primates caused: reduced fear and aggression, increased docility, compulsive oral exploratory behaviors, altered dietary habits, produced hypersexuality and "psychic blindness" (inability to recognize significance or meaning of events or objects) |
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Hippocampus functions |
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learning and memory (less implicated in emotions than other limbic structures); processes spatial, visual, and verbal information, consolidates declarative memories |
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Damage to hippocampus in conjunction with removal of temporal lobes |
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anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia (for events up to 3 years before surgery) |
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List lobes that make up each hemisphere of the Cerebral Cortex (cortical structures) |
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Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital |
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Name areas of frontal lobe |
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motor, premotor, prefrontal |
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Primary motor cortex functions |
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control of voluntary movements |
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Damage to primary motor cortex |
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loss of reflexes and flaccid hemiplegia (loss of muscle tone) in areas of body contralateral to the damage |
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Premotor cortex functions |
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contains Broca's area (usually on left side); speech production |
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Damage to Broca's area |
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Broca's (expressive) aphasia; difficulties in producing spoken and written language |
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Prefrontal cortex functions |
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emotion, memory, self-awareness, executive (higher-level cognitive) functions |
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Name 2 types of personality change associated with damage to prefrontal cortex |
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Pseudodepression, Pseudopsychopathy |
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Symptoms of pseudodepression |
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apathy, lethargy, narrowing of interests, reduced emotional reactions, reduced interest in sex, impaired memory and attention |
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Symptoms of pseudopsychopathy |
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loss of social tact, lack of empathy, impulsivity, sexual disinhibition, inappropriate jocularity |
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Cognitive deficits related to damage to prefrontal cortex |
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problems with abstract thinking, planning ability, decision-making; perseveration, inability to remember the temporal order of events |
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Hypofrontality (reduced metabolism in the prefrontal cortex) |
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linked to Schizophrenia, ADHD, normal age-related cognitive declines |
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Parietal lobe contains the... |
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somatosensory cortex |
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Functions of somatosensory cortex |
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governs pressure, temp, pain, proprioception, and gustation |
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Damage to parietal lobe |
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disturbances in spatial orientation, apraxia, somatosensory agnosia |
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Define apraxia |
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inability to perform skilled motor movements in the absence of impaired motor functioning |
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Define somatosensory agnosia |
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Inability to recognize familiar objects with use of the senses |
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Define tactile agnosia |
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inability to recognize familiar objects by touch |
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Define asomatognosia |
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failure to recognize parts of one's own body |
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Define anosognosia |
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inability to recognize one's own neurological symptoms or other disorder |
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Damage specifically to the right parietal lobe |
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contralateral neglect |
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Define contralateral neglect |
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loss of knowledge about or interest in the left side of the body |
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Damage specifically to the left parietal lobe |
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ideational apraxia, ideomotor apraxia, Gertsmann syndrome |
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Define ideational apraxia |
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inability to carry out a sequence of actions |
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Define ideomotor apraxia |
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inability to carry out a simple action in response to a command |
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Gertsmann syndrome |
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finger agnosia, right-left confusion, agraphia, acalculia |
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Temporal lobe contains the... |
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auditory cortex |
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Functions of auditory cortex |
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mediates auditory sensation and perception |
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Damage to the auditory cortex |
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auditory agnosia, auditory hallucinations, other disturbances in auditory sensation and perception |
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Location of Wernicke's area |
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located in left temporal lobe |
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Functions performed in Wernicke's area |
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receptive; involved in comprehension of language |
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Damage to Wernicke's area |
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Wernicke's (receptive) aphasia, characterized by severed deficits in language comprehension and abnormalities in language production |
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Function of areas of temporal lobe (other than Wernicke's area) |
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mediate encoding, retrieval, and storage of long-term declarative memories |
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Electrical stimulation of areas in temporal lobe |
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complex, vivid memories that had been previously forgotten |
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Damage to areas of temporal lobe |
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retrograde and anterograde amnesia |
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The occipital lobe contains the... |
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visual cortex |
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Functions of visual cortex |
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visual perception, recognition, and memory |
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Damage to occipital lobes |
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visual agnosia, visual hallucinations, cortical blindness, simultanagnosia |
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Damage to occipital lobe at junction with occipital, temporal, and parietal lobes |
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prosopagnosia |
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Define visual agnosia |
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inability to recognize familiar objects |
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Define simultanagnosia |
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inability to see more than one thing or one aspect of an object at a time |
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Define prosopagnosia |
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inability to recognize familiar faces |
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Name the structures of the hindbrain |
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brain stem (medulla and pons), cerebellum |
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Function of the medulla |
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influences flow of information between the spinal cord and the brain, coordinates swallowing, coughing, and sneezing, regulates vital functions including breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure |
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Damage to medulla |
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usually fatal |
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Function of the pons |
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connects two halves of cerebellum and plays a role in the integration of movements in the right and left sides of body |
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