Compare the structural and functional differences between the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
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Autonomic: Involuntary, interoceptors, sypathetic and parasympathetic divisions, neurotransmitters
Somatic: Voluntary, exteroceptors, single motor neuron
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Distinguish between the pre- and postganglionic neurons, in terms of location
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Specify the different origins and destination ganglia for the sympathetic and parasympatheic preganglionic neurons |
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Parasympathetic: Craniosacral outflow; brainstem nuclei of cranial nerves III, VII, IX and X; spinal cord segments S2- S4
Sympathetic: Thoracolumnar outflow; lateral horn of gray matter of spinal cord segments T1-L2
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Describe the differing locations of the ganglia of teh sympatheic and parasympathetic systems and their relative distance from the CNS. |
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parasympathetic: ganglia in or close to visceral organ
Sympathetic: ganglia within a few cm of CNS: alongside vertebral column and anterior to vertebral column |
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Describe the location of the rami communicantes. |
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Parasympathetic: None
Sympathetic: Gray and White rami communicantes; white contain myelinated preganglionic fibers; grey contain unmyelinated postganglionic fibers
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List the names and locationsof the different sympathetic ganglia. |
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"E" situations (exercise, emergency, excitement and embarrassment)- fight or flight response |
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Discuss the primary purpose of the sympathetic division and the general body functions it directs. |
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Pupils dilate
Heart rate, force of contraction and blood pressure increase
Airways dilate
Blood vessels to kidneys and gastrointestinal tract constrict
Blood vessels to skeletal muscles, cardiac muscle, liver and adipose tissue dilate
liver cells perform glycogenolysis and lipid cell perform lipolysis
Release of glucose by liver
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Discuss the primary purose of the parasympathetic division and the general body functions it directs |
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rest and digest:
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Describe specific responses of effectors due to increased sympathetic stimulation. |
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Increased salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion and defecation
Decreased heart rate, diameter of airways and diameter of pupils |
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Identify the chemical nature of the autonomic neurotransmitter receptors and their location |
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Paravertebral ganglion= chain ganglion or trunk ganglion
Innervate organs above the diaphragm like the heart and lungs
Prevertebral ganglia= collateral ganglia
Prevertebral ganglia surround the following arteries that branch from the aorta
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Identify the cholinergic neurons, receptors, and neurotransmitters |
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neurons: release acetylcholine
receptors: receptors on the postsynaptic membrane that bind acetylcholine
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Describe the effects of acetylcholine as a cholinergic neuro neurotransmitter |
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Nicotinic receptor: found in dendrites and cell bodies of
sympathetic and parasympathetic postganglionic neurons, the motor end
plate in the neuromusclular junction and adrenal medullary cells
Muscarinic receptor: found in all parasympathetic target organs, sweat glands and some blood vessels in skeletal muscle |
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Identify the adrenergic neurons, receptors, and neurotransmitters. |
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neurons: release norepinephrine
receptors: bind norepinephrine and epinephrine
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Describe the effects of norepinephrine as an adrenergic neuron neurotransmitter |
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a1: Smooth muscle of blood vessels, radial muscles of eye, sphincter muscles of stomach and urninary bladder, salivary gland cells
a2: smooth muscle in some blood vessels, beta cells in pancreatic islets, pancreatic acinar cells, and blood platelets
b1: cardiac muscle and adipose cells
b2: Smooth muscle in airways, blood vessels and walls of internal organs; cillary muscles
b3: brown adipose tissue
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