Chapter 6 Medical Terminology

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gastrointestinal system (GI) digestive system, consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract
GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus
1. mouth
2. pharynx (throat)
3. esophagus
4. stomach
5. small intestine
6. large intestine
7. rectum
8. anus
digestive system included are the accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
oral cavity mouth
bolus food is broken down mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) and the formed into a mass of food ready to be swallowed
teeth mechanically break down food (mastication)
dentin the main structure of the took covered by a hard enamel
pulp contains nerves and blood vessels
gingiva fleshy tissue known as gums
deglutition tongue pushes food into the mouth for swallowing
two structures that form the roof of the mouth hard palate (anterior portion), and soft palate (posterior portion)
pharynx lowest portion divides into two tubes known as the trachea and esophogus
trachea tube that leads to the lungs
esophogus tube that leads to the stomach
epiglottis small flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing
duodenum stomach extends from the esophagus to the first part of the small intestine
lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach, prevents stomach contents fron regurgitating back into the esophogus
stomach produces... digestive glands produce hyrdrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes
chyme stomach turns the bolus into a semiliquid form 
pyloric sphincter regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits back-flow
peristalsis rhythmic muscle contractions
small intestine 1. duodenum (10 inches)
2. jejunum (8 feet)
3. ileum (12 feet)
pancreas and liver  with the help of additional enzymes, digestion is completed in the small intestine
villi nutrients are absorbed through these finger-like projections
large intestine (colon) begins at the end of the ileum and extends through the anus, it absorbs water and minerals and eliminate undigested material
accessory organs of digestion liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play a vital role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
liver produces bile and removes glucose to turn it into glycogen and detoxifies. all blood leaving digestive tract goes to liver before any other part of the body*
bile stored in the gallbladder and used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats
glucose (sugar) removed from blood to synthesize glycogen (starch)
glycogen (starch) retained for later use and is the storage form of glucose
detoxifying liver detoxifies by transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood
endocrine gland as a gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream
exocrine gland pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum
gallbladder saclike structure that serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver
common bile duct when bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder is released into the duodenum through this duct
or/o mouth
stomat/o mouth
gloss/o tongue
lingu/o tongue
bucc/o cheeck
cheil/o lip
labi/o lip
dent/o teeth
odont/o teeth
gingiv/o gums
sail/o saliva, salivary glands
esophag/o esophagus
pharyng/o pharynx (throat)
gastr/o stomach
pylor/o pylorus
duoden/o duodenum (first part of small intestine
enter/o intestine (usually small intestine)
jejun/o jejunum
ile/o ileum
append/o appendix
appendic/o appendix
col/o colon
colon/o colon
rect/o anus
proct/o anus, rectum
an/o anus
hepat/o liver
pancreat/o pancreas
chol/e bile, gall
cholecyst/o gallballder
-orexia appetite
-pepsia digestion
-prandial meal
asymptomatic without symptoms
gastroenterology concerned with digestive diseases
ulcer circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes within the body
Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) develops in the parts of the GI tract at are exposed
Helicobacter pylori leading cause of PUD, antibiotics are used to treat PUD
exacerbate intensify
ulcerative colitis chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum
hernia protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure
inguinal hernia develops in the groin 
strangulated hernia when blood supply to hernia is cut off, necrosis with gangrene may occur
diaphragmatic hernia congenital disorder
hiatal hernia lower part of the esophagus and top of stomach slides through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm 
gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) back-flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle
hemorrhoids enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal from straining during bowl movements, pregnancy, and standing for sitting for long periods
hepatitis inflammatory condition of the liver
parenteral when the cause of hepatitis A is transmitted through routes other than the mouth
jaundice, icterus yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes
diverticulosis condition in which small blisters develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall
diverticulitis inflamed blisters in the large intestine
anorexia lack or loss of appetite
appendicitis inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection
cachexia physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer
cholelithiasis presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct
cirrhosis scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease
colic spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain
Crohn disease chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract
dysentery inflammation of the intestine due to contaminated water
dyspepsia epigastric discomfort felt after eating (indigestion)
dysphagia inability or difficulty in swallowing (aphagia)
halitosis offensive, or "bad" breath
hematemesis vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus
irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) abdominal pain and altered bowl function, usually women have this, also called spastic colon
obesity excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body's skeletal and physical standards
peristalsis progressive, wavelike movements that occur involuntary
regurgitation backward flowing
steatorrhea passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it
upper GI endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy)
lower GI endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy)
liver function tests (LFTs) group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract
barium enema (BE) radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
barium swallow radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate
nasogastric intubation instill medication, food, or fluids
bariatric surgery group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue
colostomy creation of an opening of a portion of colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
lithotripsy procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves
antacids counteract of neutralize acidity
antiemetics control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to vomiting center of the brain
laxatives treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowl to induce defecation
GERD gastroesophageal refulx disease
a.c. before meals
b.i.d. twice a day
hs half strength
h.s.  at bedtime
NPO, n.p.o nothing by mouth
pc, p.c. after meals
p.o. by mouth
p.r.n. as required
qAM every morning
q.d. every day
q.h. every hour
q.2h. every two hours
q.i.d. four times a day
q.o.d. every other day
qPM every evening
t.i.d. three times a day