gastrointestinal system |
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(GI) digestive system, consists of a digestive tube called the GI tract |
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GI tract |
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extends from the mouth to the anus 1. mouth 2. pharynx (throat) 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine 7. rectum 8. anus |
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digestive system |
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included are the accessory organs of the digestive system: the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas. |
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oral cavity |
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mouth |
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bolus |
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food is broken down mechanically (teeth) and chemically (saliva) and the formed into a mass of food ready to be swallowed |
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teeth |
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mechanically break down food (mastication) |
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dentin |
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the main structure of the took covered by a hard enamel |
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pulp |
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contains nerves and blood vessels |
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gingiva |
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fleshy tissue known as gums |
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deglutition |
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tongue pushes food into the mouth for swallowing |
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two structures that form the roof of the mouth |
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hard palate (anterior portion), and soft palate (posterior portion) |
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pharynx |
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lowest portion divides into two tubes known as the trachea and esophogus |
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trachea |
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tube that leads to the lungs |
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esophogus |
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tube that leads to the stomach |
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epiglottis |
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small flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing |
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duodenum |
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stomach extends from the esophagus to the first part of the small intestine |
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lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter |
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composed of muscle fibers that constrict once food has passed into the stomach, prevents stomach contents fron regurgitating back into the esophogus |
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stomach produces... |
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digestive glands produce hyrdrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes |
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chyme |
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stomach turns the bolus into a semiliquid form |
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pyloric sphincter |
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regulates the speed and movement of chyme into the small intestine and prohibits back-flow |
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peristalsis |
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rhythmic muscle contractions |
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small intestine |
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1. duodenum (10 inches) 2. jejunum (8 feet) 3. ileum (12 feet) |
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pancreas and liver |
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with the help of additional enzymes, digestion is completed in the small intestine |
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villi |
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nutrients are absorbed through these finger-like projections |
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large intestine (colon) |
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begins at the end of the ileum and extends through the anus, it absorbs water and minerals and eliminate undigested material |
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accessory organs of digestion |
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liver, gallbladder, and pancreas play a vital role in the proper digestion and absorption of nutrients |
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liver |
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produces bile and removes glucose to turn it into glycogen and detoxifies. all blood leaving digestive tract goes to liver before any other part of the body* |
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bile |
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stored in the gallbladder and used in the small intestine to emulsify and absorb fats |
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glucose |
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(sugar) removed from blood to synthesize glycogen (starch) |
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glycogen |
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(starch) retained for later use and is the storage form of glucose |
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detoxifying |
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liver detoxifies by transforming toxic products into less harmful compounds to maintain normal glucose levels in the blood |
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endocrine gland |
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as a gland, the pancreas secretes insulin directly into the bloodstream |
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exocrine gland |
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pancreas produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum |
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gallbladder |
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saclike structure that serves as a storage area for bile, which is produced by the liver |
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common bile duct |
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when bile is needed for digestion, the gallbladder is released into the duodenum through this duct |
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or/o |
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mouth |
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stomat/o |
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mouth |
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gloss/o |
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tongue |
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lingu/o |
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tongue |
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bucc/o |
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cheeck |
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cheil/o |
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lip |
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labi/o |
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lip |
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dent/o |
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teeth |
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odont/o |
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teeth |
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gingiv/o |
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gums |
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sail/o |
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saliva, salivary glands |
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esophag/o |
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esophagus |
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pharyng/o |
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pharynx (throat) |
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gastr/o |
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stomach |
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pylor/o |
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pylorus |
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duoden/o |
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duodenum (first part of small intestine |
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enter/o |
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intestine (usually small intestine) |
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jejun/o |
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jejunum |
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ile/o |
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ileum |
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append/o |
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appendix |
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appendic/o |
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appendix |
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col/o |
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colon |
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colon/o |
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colon |
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rect/o |
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anus |
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proct/o |
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anus, rectum |
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an/o |
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anus |
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hepat/o |
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liver |
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pancreat/o |
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pancreas |
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chol/e |
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bile, gall |
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cholecyst/o |
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gallballder |
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-orexia |
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appetite |
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-pepsia |
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digestion |
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-prandial |
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meal |
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asymptomatic |
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without symptoms |
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gastroenterology |
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concerned with digestive diseases |
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ulcer |
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circumscribed open sore on the skin or mucous membranes within the body |
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Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD) |
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develops in the parts of the GI tract at are exposed |
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Helicobacter pylori |
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leading cause of PUD, antibiotics are used to treat PUD |
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exacerbate |
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intensify |
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ulcerative colitis |
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chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum |
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hernia |
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protrusion of any organ, tissue, or structure |
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inguinal hernia |
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develops in the groin |
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strangulated hernia |
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when blood supply to hernia is cut off, necrosis with gangrene may occur |
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diaphragmatic hernia |
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congenital disorder |
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hiatal hernia |
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lower part of the esophagus and top of stomach slides through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm |
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gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD) |
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back-flow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle |
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hemorrhoids |
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enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal from straining during bowl movements, pregnancy, and standing for sitting for long periods |
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hepatitis |
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inflammatory condition of the liver |
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parenteral |
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when the cause of hepatitis A is transmitted through routes other than the mouth |
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jaundice, icterus |
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yellowing of the skin, mucous membranes, and sclerae of the eyes |
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diverticulosis |
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condition in which small blisters develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall |
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diverticulitis |
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inflamed blisters in the large intestine |
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anorexia |
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lack or loss of appetite |
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appendicitis |
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inflammation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection |
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cachexia |
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physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer |
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cholelithiasis |
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presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct |
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cirrhosis |
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scarring and dysfunction of the liver caused by chronic liver disease |
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colic |
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spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain |
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Crohn disease |
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chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract |
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dysentery |
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inflammation of the intestine due to contaminated water |
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dyspepsia |
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epigastric discomfort felt after eating (indigestion) |
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dysphagia |
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inability or difficulty in swallowing (aphagia) |
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halitosis |
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offensive, or "bad" breath |
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hematemesis |
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vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus |
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irritable bowl syndrome (IBS) |
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abdominal pain and altered bowl function, usually women have this, also called spastic colon |
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obesity |
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excessive accumulation of fat that exceeds body's skeletal and physical standards |
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peristalsis |
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progressive, wavelike movements that occur involuntary |
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regurgitation |
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backward flowing |
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steatorrhea |
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passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it |
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upper GI |
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endoscopy of the esophagus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) |
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lower GI |
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endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy), and rectum and anal canal (proctoscopy) |
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liver function tests (LFTs) |
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group of blood tests that evaluate liver injury, liver function, and conditions often associated with the biliary tract |
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barium enema (BE) |
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radiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema administration of barium sulfate into the rectum |
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barium swallow |
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radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine following oral administration of barium sulfate |
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nasogastric intubation |
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instill medication, food, or fluids |
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bariatric surgery |
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group of procedures that treat morbid obesity, a condition which arises from severe accumulation of excess weight as fatty tissue |
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colostomy |
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creation of an opening of a portion of colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag |
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lithotripsy |
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procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves |
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antacids |
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counteract of neutralize acidity |
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antiemetics |
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control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to vomiting center of the brain |
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laxatives |
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treat constipation by increasing peristaltic activity in the large intestine or increasing water and electrolyte secretion into the bowl to induce defecation |
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GERD |
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gastroesophageal refulx disease |
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a.c. |
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before meals |
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b.i.d. |
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twice a day |
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hs |
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half strength |
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h.s. |
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at bedtime |
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NPO, n.p.o |
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nothing by mouth |
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pc, p.c. |
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after meals |
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p.o. |
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by mouth |
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p.r.n. |
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as required |
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qAM |
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every morning |
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q.d. |
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every day |
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q.h. |
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every hour |
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q.2h. |
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every two hours |
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q.i.d. |
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four times a day |
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q.o.d. |
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every other day |
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qPM |
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every evening |
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t.i.d. |
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three times a day |
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