Chapter 6 Test 2 Psychology Learning Flashcard

learning any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience conditioning involves learning associations between events that occur in an organism's environment classical conditioning a type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus (Pavlovian conditioning) unconditioned stimulus (US) a stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning unconditioned response (UR) an unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning conditioned stimulus (CS) a previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response conditioned response (CR) a learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning elicited drawn forth (in regards to conditioned responses in classical conditioning) trial any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli in classical conditioning acquisition refers to the initial stage of learning a new response tendency extinction the gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency spontaneous recovery the reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus renewal effect if a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where the acquisition took place stimulus generalization occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus stimulus discrimination occurs when an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus higher-order conditioning a conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus operant conditioning a form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences reinforcement occurs when an event following a response increases an organism's tendency to make that response Skinner box a small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled emit to send forth (in regards to responses in operant conditioning) reinforcement contingencies the circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers cumulative recorder creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time shaping the reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response resistance to extinction occurs when an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated discriminative stimuli cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement or nonreinforcement) of a response primary reinforcers events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs secondary, or conditioned, reinforcers events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers schedule of reinforcement a specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over timeevents that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs continuous reinforcement occurs when every instance of a designated response is reinforced (soda machine.) It is both learned and unlearned very quickly intermittent reinforcement occurs when a designated response is reinforced only some of the time fixed-ratio (FR) schedule the reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses. A factory worker is paid for X products he assembles variable-ratio (VR) schedule the reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses. Slot machine--behavior is rewarded at an unpatterned time and keeps the organism going. Can perpetuate superstitious behavior fixed-interval (FI) schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time interval has elapsed. Waiting for mail--after a cerain period of time, your waiting is rewarded by mail variable-interval (VI) schedule the reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. The interval length varies around a predetermined average. The time frame is not set. In surfing, this is the equivalent to waiting for the next good wave positive reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus negative reinforcement occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the removal of an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus. This perpetuates superstitions and obsessive-compulsive behavior escape learning an organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some aversive stimulation avoidance learning an organism acquires a response that prevents some aversive stimulation from occurring punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response. Decreases all behavior latent learning learning that is not apparent from behavior when it first occurs observational learning occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models behavior modification a systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning behavioral contract a written agreement outlining a promise to adhere to the contingencies of a behavior modification program evaluative conditioning consists of efforts to transfer the emotion attached to a US to a new CS positive punishment inflicting something bad to emphasize the good (spanking.) Decreases all behavior negative punishment removal of something good. Decreases all behavior one trial learning taste aversion (Garcia effect) vicarious learning learning through observation of others' behavior (TV)