Rules that govern the meaning of language, as opposed to its structure
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Semantic rules
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Words, word orders, phrases, or expressions that have more than one commonly accepted definition
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Equivocal language
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Words that gain their meaning through comparison
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relative words
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The tendency to view people or relationships as unchanging
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Static evaluation
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Language that is vague and unclear
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Abstract language
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Language that refers to specific things that people do or say
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Behavioural language
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A range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object
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Abstraction ladder
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Rules that govern the way symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols.
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Syntactic rules |
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Linguistic rules that help communicators understand how messages may be used and interpreted in a given context.
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Pragmatic rules
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The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to identify
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Convergence |
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Speech mannerisms that emphasize a communicator's differences from others.
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Divergence |
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A language style in which speakers defer to listeners by using hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, polite forms, tag questions, and disclaimers.
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Deferential language
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A conclusion that is arrived at from an interpretation of evidence
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Inference |
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Language that conveys the speaker's attitude rather than simply offering an objective description.
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Emotive language
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Statements that replace the personal pronoun/ with the less immediate word it, often with the effect of reducing the speaker's acceptance of responsibility for the statements.,
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"It" statements
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A statement that describes the speaker's reaction to another person's behaviour without making judgements about the behaviours worth
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"I" statements
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Statements in which the word but cancels out the expression that preceded it
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"But" statements.
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A statement that expresses or implies a judgement of the other person
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"You" Statement
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A statement that implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the sender and receiver of a message.
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"We" Statement
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Cultures that use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as clearly and logically as possible.
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Low-context cultures |
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Cultures that avoid direct use of language, relying instead on the context of a message to convey meaning, |
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High-context cultures |
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the notion that the worldview of a culture is shaped and relfected by the language its members speak |
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linguistic relativism |
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This hypothesis suggests that the language we speak affects how we interact with the world around us. |
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sapir-whorf hypothesis |
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