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endocrine system |
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produces hormones that enter the
bloodstream and influence body functions |
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target(s) |
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hormones effect targets that have specific
receptors for that hormone |
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hypersecretion |
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overproduction |
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hyposecretion |
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underproduction |
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anqgonistic |
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acting in opposition; mutually opposing |
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electrolytes |
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mineral salts (Na, K, Ca) that carry an electrical charge |
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glucagon |
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hormone produced by pancreatic alpha cells that increase the blood glucose level by stimulating the liver to change stored glycogen to glucose |
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hormones |
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chemical substances that are released slowly in minute amounts into the blood stream |
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insulin |
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hormone produced by pancreatic beta cells that act to remove glucose from the blood by promoting its storage in tissues as glycogen |
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sympathomimetic |
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agent that mimics the effects of the sympathetic nervous system |
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target |
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structure, organ, or tissue to which something is directed |
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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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(ACTH) targes the adrenal gland and promotes secretions of some hormones |
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Follicle-stimulating Hormone |
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(FSH) targets ovaries to stimulate egg production; targets testes to stimulate sperm production |
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Growth Hormone |
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(GH) targets bone and muscle to stimulate somatic grouth |
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Luteinizing Hormone |
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(LH) targets ocaries and promotes ovulation |
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Prolactin |
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targets breasts to promote lactation |
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Thyroid-stimulating Hormone |
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(TSH) targets thyroid gland and stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone |
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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targets kidey and returns water to blood |
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Oxytocin |
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targets uterus and stimulates contractions (initiates labor) |
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thyroid hormone - calcitonin |
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tones down blood Ca levels, secreted when Ca levels in the blood are high |
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Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) |
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increases energy production |
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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opposite of calcitonon and increases blood Ca levels; targest bone, kidneys, and small intestine |
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location of adrenal gland |
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sits on top of kidney |
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Glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) |
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promotes gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; help depress inflammatory and immune responses |
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Mineralocorticioids (mainly aldosterone) |
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targets kidneys to increase blood levels of Na |
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Epinephrine |
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hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system |
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pancreatic hormones - glucagon |
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raises blood glucose level |
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pancreatic hormones - insulin |
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lowers blood glucose level |
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pineal gland |
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in the brain and secretes the hormone melatonin (sleep and mood) |
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adren/o |
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adrenal glands |
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adrenal/o |
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adrenal glands |
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calc/o |
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Ca |
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crin/o |
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secrete |
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gluc/o |
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sugar, sweetness |
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glyc/o |
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sugar, sweetness |
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glycos/o |
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sugar, sweetness |
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home/o |
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same, alike |
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kal/i |
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K |
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pancreat/o |
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pancreas |
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parathyroid/o |
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parathyroid glands |
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thym/o |
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thymus gland |
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thyr/o |
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thyroid gland |
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thyroid/o |
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thyroid gland |
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toxic/o |
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poison |
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-crine |
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secrete |
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-dipsia |
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thirst |
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-gen |
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forming, producing, origin |
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-toxic |
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poison |
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-uria |
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urine |
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eu- |
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good, normal |
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exo- |
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outside, outward |
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hyper- |
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excessive, above normal |
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hypo- |
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under, below |
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poly-man |
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many, much |
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cretinism |
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form of hypothroidism in infants and leads to mental retardation and impaired growth |
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myxedema |
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developing hypothyroidism during adulthood |
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hyperthyroidism |
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excessive secrete of thyroxine hormones |
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graves disease |
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toxic goiter |
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exopthalmos |
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protruding eyes |
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Addison disease |
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deficiency of cortisol |
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cushing syndrome |
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excessive amounts of cortisol, caused by long term steroid use |
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pheochromocytoma |
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tumor that over secretes epinephrine |
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Type I diabetes |
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diagnosed children (juvenile diabetes); body does not produce sufficient insulin |
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Type 2 diabetes |
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most common and body's cells are resistant to insulin action in target tissues |
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gestational diabetes |
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diabetes during pregnancy |
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acromegaly |
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afflicts middle-aged and older persons, caused by overproduction of growth hormone (GH) |
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diuresis |
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increased formation and secretion of urine |
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glucagon |
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increase the blood glucose level |
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glucose |
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blood sugar |
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glycosuria |
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presence of glucose in urine |
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hypercalcemia |
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excessive amounts of Ca in the blood |
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hyperkalemia |
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excessive amounts of K in blood |
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hyponatremia |
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abnormal condition of low sodium in blood |
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insulinoma |
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tumor that oversecretes insulin |
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pheochromocytoma |
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too much adrenaline |
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glucose tolerance test
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(GTT) measures body's ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose |
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radioactive iodine uptake |
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administratione of radioactive iodone (RAI) |
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insulins |
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(type 1) lower blood glucose by promoting entrance into body cells and coverting glucose to glycogen |
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oral antidiabetics |
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(type 2) stimulates pancreas to produce more insulin and decrease peripheral resistance to insulin |
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