BIOLOGY CH. 41

Primate with non-pendulus scrotum Gibbon Produce sperm Testes Where sperm is stored Epididymis Conduct sperm from the testes to the urethra Vas deferens Secretes fructose to give sperm energy to move Seminal Vesicle Secretes buffer for sperm to survive in acidic vagina prostate gland Primary sexual organ where genes are packaged into gametes Gonads Secretes mucus Bulbourethral gland 2nd leading cause of death in American Men Prostate Cancer Ways to detect prostate cancer Digital rectal exam Blood tests for prostate specific antigen; a tumor maker. Almost 200,000 cases per year 30,000 resulting in death Testicular Cancer Testicular Cancer can be detected by self-examination of testes feeling for hardening or lumps ability to make sperm Spermatogenesis divides by mitosis to form primary spermatocyte. Spermatogonium produces haploid spermatids Meiosis mature to become sperm. Spermatids -line inside the seminiferous tubules -Nourish the developing sperm Steroli cells -lie between the seminiferous tubules -secrete testosterone Interstitial cells The fertile period for a human female occurs on a cyclic basis. Menstrual Cycle Cycle lasts ____ days 28 days 1-5; 6-13 Follicular phase day 14 Ovulation days 15-28 Luteal phase First period (usually between ages 11-14) Menarche Last period Menopause -Follicle grows and matures -LH surge -> Ovulation -Corpus luteum forms Ovarian Cycle Male Hormonal Cycle LOOK IT UP Female Hormonal Cycle LOOK IT UP process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA transcription process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein? translation process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA? RNA processing Polypeptides are assembled from amino acids RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into mRNA In eukaryotic cells the first step in protein synthesis is the transferring of information from DNA to messenger RNA What is the primary job of DNA? It provides blueprints for proteins. What is another name for RNA synthesis? transcription The sequence of nitrogen-containing bases on one strand of DNA most directly determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. The "one-gene, one-enzyme" hypothesis concluded that each allele codes for a single type of protein. Which of the following is found in RNA but NOT in DNA? uracil The process of copying genetic information from DNA to RNA is called: transcription. Which of the following molecules transfers information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? mRNA How can RNA be distinguished from DNA? RNA has one polynucleotide strand per molecule. correctly illustrates the pairing of DNA and RNA nucleotides? GTTACG CAAUGC Transcription is the process of: synthesizing an RNA molecule using a DNA template. What ovarian hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle? estrogen and progesterone What happens to the human egg if it is not fertilized? The corpus luteum disintegrates, hormone levels fall, the overgrown endometrium disintegrates, and the uterus contracts oogenesis egg production in the human ovaries The purpose of the epididymis storage of sperm What hormone is released in both sexes by the hypothalamus to initiate puberty? gonadotropin-releasing hormone Sperm become capable of movement while in the epididymis Which pituitary secretion stimulates sperm production? FSH follicule stimulating hormone Which pituitary secretion stimulates the testes to secrete androgens? LH Luteinizing hormone Sperm develop in the seminiferous tubules A fertilized egg usually implants itself and develops in the uterus A rapid increase in the _____ level stimulates ovulation. luteinizing hormone eggs from a female developing into offspring without being fertilized parthenogenesis What ovarian hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle? estrogen and progesterone the most common bacterial STD? chlamydia Puberty is triggered when brain maturation causes the hypothalamus to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The development of secondary sexual characteristics is due to increased levels of estrogen or testosterone In men, as testosterone levels increase, LH levels: decrease stimulates the release of FSH and LH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) What is the function of an acrosome? It contains enzymes that dissolve the protective layers around the egg. In the male, the primary target of FSH is Sertoli cells. stimulates the production of testosterone? LH Mature sperm are stored in the epididymis The epididymis connects the testis and the vas deferens path sperm travel on their way out of the male seminiferous tubules → epididymis → vas deferens → urethra If the prostate gland failed to add its contribution to semen the semen would not be fluid, due to lack of enzymes