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bureaucracy |
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According to Weber, a hierarchal authority structure that uses task specialization, operates on merit principle, and behaves impersonally. Governs modern states. |
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patronage |
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A key inducement used by political machines. A job, promotion, or contract given for political reasons, not merit or competence. |
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Pendleton Civil Service Act |
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Passed in 1883. Created federal civil service so hiring would be based on merit, not privelege. |
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civil service |
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System of hiring/ promotion based on the merit principle and the desire to create nonpartisan gov't. service. |
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merit principle |
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Hiring based on entrance exams and promotion ratings to make talented/skilled administration. |
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Hatch Act |
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Law prohibits gov't. emloyees from active participation in partisan politics. |
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Office of Personnel Management |
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In charge of hiring for most federal agencies. |
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GS (General Schedule) Rating |
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Schedule for federal employees ranging from GS 1 to GS 18, by which salaries can be keyed to rating and experience. |
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Senior Executive Service |
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Elite cadre of about 9,000 federal gov't. managers, established by Civil Service Reform Act of 1978. Mostly career officials, but some political appointees, not needing Senate confirmation. |
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independent regulatory commission |
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Gov't. agency responsible for some sector of the economy. Makes/ enforces rules to protect public interest. Judges disputes over these rules. |
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government corporation |
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Gov't. organization that, like business corporations, provides service that could be provided by private sector and typically charges(Ex: US Postal Service). |
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independent executive agency |
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Gov't. not accounted for by cabinet depts., independent regulatory commissions, and gov't. corporations. Administrators usually appointed by the president (Ex: NASA). |
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policy implementation |
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Stage of policymaking between establishment and consequences for whom it affects. Involves translating goals and objectives into operating, ongoing program. |
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standard operating procedure (SOP) |
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Used by bureaucrats to bring uniformity to complex organizations. Improves fairness and makes personnel interchangeable. |
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administrative discretion |
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Authority of administrors to select response to a given problem. Greatest when SOP doesn't fit case. |
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street-level bureaucrats |
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Coined by Michael Lipsky. Refers to those in constant contact with the public and have considerable administrative discretion. |
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regulation |
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Use of gov't. autjority to control/ change a practice in private sector. |
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deregulation |
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Lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities for which gov't. rules have been established and bureaucracies created. |
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command-and-control policy |
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Typical system of regulation where gov't. tells businsses how to reach certain goals, checks that commands are followed, and punishes offenders. |
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incentive system |
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Use of marketlike strategies to manage public policy. |
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executive order |
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Regulations originating from executive branch. One method presidents can use to control bureaucracy. |
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iron triangle |
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Mutual relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees/ subcommittees. Dominates some areas of domestic policymaking. |
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