Information monitored and gathered from inside and outside the body
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Sensory Input
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What is Integration?
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processing of sensory input
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A response sent out to body through efferent pathway to organs like muscles or glands
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motor output
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CNS defintion.... made up of what?
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Central Nervous System..... brain and spinal cord
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What is the structure and function of the CNS?
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Structure: Brain and Spinal Cord
Function: Control Center and Integration of Sensory Input
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What are the 5 levels of awareness (from basic to vital) of the CNS
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1. Spinal Cord
2. Brain Stem
3. Brain
4. Limbic System
5. Cortex/Neocortex
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What part of the CNS handles simple jobs like basic reflexes, urination, or knee-jerk?
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The Spinal Cord
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What part of the CNS handles vital signs/functions like swallowing, coughing, heart rate, or blood pressure?
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The Brain Stem
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What part of the CNS contains centers for homeostasis like Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary, and Pineal glands?
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The Brain
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What part of the CNS handles emotions like fear, sex drive, submission, domination, sympathy, empathy, learning, and intuition (gut feeling/warning signs)?
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The Limbic System
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What part of the CNS handles consiousness, voluntary orders of movement?
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The Cortex
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What part of the CNS handles higher functions like language, complex thoughts, and spacial reasoning?
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The Neocortex
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What 2 regions of the CNS are connected with regard to psychosomatic diseases?
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The Brain (homeostasis)
The Limbic System (emotions)
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What are the effector organs in the motor output that produce a response?
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Muscles and Glands
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What system is a Voluntary Motor Response? Example (1)
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Somatic Nervous System or SNS
(Skeletal Muscles)
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What system is an Involuntary Motor Response? Example (2)
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Autonomic Nervous System or ANS
(Visceral Muscles, Glands)
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What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?
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Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
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What is the Sympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for ? Organ Example (1)
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Activates during activity or emergencies
(Heart)
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What is the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS responsible for? Organ Example (1)
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Energy Conservation, Maintenance, Housekeeping type functions
(the Bladder)
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The Spinal and Cranial Nerves are made up of how many pairs respectively?
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31 and 12
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What is the structure and function of the PSN
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Structure: Cranial & Spinal Nerves
Function: Communication lines between CNS & body
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What is the structure and function of the Sensory (afferent) Division
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Structure: Somatic & Visceral Nerve Fibers
Function: Conduct impulses to CNS
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What is the structure and function of the Motor (efferent) Division
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Structure: Somatic & Autonomic Nerve Fibers
Function: Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors
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What is the structure and function of the SNS
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Structure: Somatic (voluntary) motor
Function: Conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
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What is the structure and function (2) of the ANS
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Structure: Visceral (involuntary) motor
Function: Conduct impulses from CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles and glands
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What is the function of the Sympathetic Division of the ANS
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Function: Mobilizes body system during activity or emergency (heart, ex)
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What is the function of the Parasympathetic Division of the ANS
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Function: Conserving Energy and Housekeeping
(the bladder)
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What are the 2 principle Nerve Cell Types?
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Neurons & Neuroglia (glial cells)
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What type of nerve cell does not expand, has limited stem cell, and is an excitable cell.
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Neuron |
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What type of nerve cell is a supporting cell that can grow, has stem cells, and can become cancerous
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Neuroglia |
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What are the 5 types of Neuroglia?
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Astrocytes (CNS)
Ependymal Cells (CNS- line brain vetricles)
Microglia (CNS- brain phagocytes
Oligodendrocytes (CNS - myelin sheet)
Schwann Cells (PNS - myelin sheet)
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Astrocytes (type of cell, shape, where, function (2)
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Glial cell (Most abundant)
branched
Cling to neurons, capillaries & synaptic endings
Control chemical environment around synapse
Support neurons and form part of Blood, Brain, Barrier
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What glial cell is a brain phagocyte?
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Microglia |
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What glial cell lines the brain ventricles and move the cerebrospinal fluid with their cilia?
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Ependymal Cell
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What glial cells form the myelin sheaths in the CNS/PNS?
Which one forms neurilemma?
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Oligodendrocytes (CNS) & Schwann Cells (PNS)
Schwann Cells
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Neurons: Lifespan? Mitotic or Amitotic? Metabolic Rate High or Low? Function of Neuronal Membrane?
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100 years of more
Amitotic
High
Electrical Signaling
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Cell Body: 2 other names?
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Perikaryon or Soma
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What is the Blood-Brain Barrier
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A separation maintained by astrocytes (a go-between) that keeps toxins flowing in the blood stream from entering the brain.
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What are protective, insulating coverings of neuron fibers that increase impulse speed called?
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myelin sheaths
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Clusters of Neuron bodies in the CNS are called?
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Nuclei |
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Clusters of Neuron bodies and dendrites in the PNS are called? In the CNS? (2).... What color matter?
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Ganglia (PNS) ** although PNS is mainly Nerves **
Cortex and Basal Nuclei (CNS)
Gray
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Armlike extensions from the cell body of all neurons
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Processes |
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Processes in the CNS are called? in the PNS?
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Tracts (CNS)
Nerves (PNS)
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What are the 2 neuron processes of the body called?
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Dendrites and Axons
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Short process that is main receptive or input region. (Neurons have many of these)
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Dendrite |
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Single process of a Neuron that is typically very long and conducts impulses away from cell body
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Axon |
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Occasional 'fork in the road' of an axon
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Axon Collateral
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End of the road of an axon (branched profusely) (3 different names)
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Axon Terminal
Synaptic Knob
Bouton ('button')
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The initial, cone-shaped region of a neuron's conducting process
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Axon Hillock
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A LONG axon is called?
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Nerve Fiber
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Signals sent TOWARD the cell body from the dendrites needs to be added up....called?
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Graded Potential
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impulses are generated in the region between the axon hillock and the axon and called?
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Trigger Zone
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impulses are conveyed along the axon to the axon terminals which are the ___________ region of the neuron?
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Secretory Region
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Signaling chemicals stored in vesicles at the axon terminals?
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Neurotransmitters |
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The nucleus and cytoplasmic bulge on the myelin sheath of Schwann Cells is called?
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Neurilemma |
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Schwann cells leave gaps between each other at regular intervals called?
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Nodes of Ranvier
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The brain's white matter is composed of ? The gray matter?
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Myelinated Fibers (White)
Nerve Cell Bodies and Unmyelinated Fibers (Gray)
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What is the plasma membrane region of the axon through which the impulse is conducted?
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Axolemma |
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Where can pharmaceuticals effect, enhance, or stop signals?
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Synapse/ Axon Terminal / Bouton
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Transport proteins direction that move material toward axon terminal? What would move in this direction?
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Anterograde
mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes
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Transport proteins direction that move material toward cell body? What would move in this direction? |
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Retrograde
organelles for degrading, signaling molecules, viruses (Rabies & Herpes), and bacterial toxins (bad)
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Neurotransmitters function is to __________ or _________ other cell bodies
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Stimulate or Inhibit
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'AP' stand for? and it travels over what?
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Action Potential
Axolemma
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Clusters of myelinated fibers in the CNS called? (2) ....in the PNS? What color matter?
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Tracts or Columns (CNS)
Nerves (PNS)
White
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What are the 3 types of Neurons?
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Sensory (Afferent)
Interneuron (Shuttle between)
Motor (Efferent)
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Which is faster Continuous Conduction (unmyelated) or Saltatory Conduction (myelated)? How much faster? Why?
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Saltatory Conduction
30 times faster
Insulation prevents ion/voltage leakage so impulse doesn't decay
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Neurons that make up 99% of the neurons in the body?
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Interneurons |
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What membrane channels are always open? (2 names)
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Leakage Channels or Non-Gated Channels
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What membrane channels open when a neurotransmitter binds? (2 names)
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Chemically Gated or Ligand-Gated Channels
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What membrane channels open/close in response to changes in membrane potential?
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Voltage-gated Channels
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Movement according to concentration gradient and electrical gradient (opposite charges) forms what type of cumulative gradient?
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Electrochemical Gradient
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What is the approximate mV of a membrane (inside or cytoplasmic side) at Resting Membrane Potential?
Why negative?
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-70mV
K+ diffuses out of cell (toward it's low gradient) faster than Na+ can diffuse in (toward it's low gradient)
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which ion, K+ or Na+, is in greater quantity inside the cell?
outside cell?
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K+ (inside)
Na+ (outside)
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What stops Na+ and K+ diffusion through membrane from becoming even?
|
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Sodium-Potassium Pump pumps out 3 Na+ and brings in 2 K+, maintaining/restoring -70mV
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When the mV of a membrane becomes less negative (moves closer to zero or above zero) it is called?
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Depolarization |
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When the mV of a membrane becomes more negative (moves further from zero or resting potential) it is called?
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Hyperpolarization |
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Changes in the membrane potential can produce what 2 types of signals?
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Graded Potentials (short, incoming signals-Dendrites)
Action Potentials (long, outgoing signals-Axons)
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Cell membranes that conduct impulses over muscles fibers are called?
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Sarcolemma |
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What are the two synaptic gap junctions that signals are sent over called?
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Neuroneural Junctions (NNJ)
Neuromuscular Junctions (NMJ)
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In order for a neuron to signal, the AP must be __________ along the axon's entire length
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Propogated (then it is self-propogated once threshold is reached)
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What is sodium's voltage-gated channel's 'Threshold of Sensitivity' ?
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-55mV |
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Once local voltage causes a threshold to be reached and a self-propogating depolarization occurs, what is generated?
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an Action Potential
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outgoing signals are ____________potential and go over the __________membrane.
incoming signals are ___________potential and go over the __________membrane
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Action (potential) / Axolemma
Graded (potential) / Dendrolemma
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What is the total amplitude of an Action Potential (AP)
|
|
100mV (-70mV to +30mV)
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Do Graded Potentials decrease over distance/time? Action Potentials?
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|
Graded - yes
Action - no
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Repolarization (AP-3) restores which, resting electrical conditions or resting ionic conditions?
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Resting Electrical Conditions
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What restores resting ionic conditions after AP?
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Sodium-Potassium Pump
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The CNS determines the intensity of a stimulus by what?
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Frequency of impulses
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Action Potential is a brief ______________________
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reversal of the membrane potential (charge)
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AP's resting state has ________ion channels open and ___________ ion channels closed.
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Leakage (open)
Na+ and K+ (closed)
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AP conduction is called a ____________.
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Propogation |
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No impulses can go through during the ________period, and only extremely strong impulses can go through during the ________period.
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Absolute Refractory Period
Relative Refractory Period
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Conducts an impulse toward a synapse
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Presynaptic Neuron
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Conducts an impulse away from a synapse
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Postsynaptic Neuron
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What are the 3 types of Synapses?
|
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Axodendritic Synapse
Axosomatic Synapse
Axoaxonic Synapse
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A Chemical Synapse is typically composes of what two parts?
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|
Axon Terminal containing synaptic vessicles (w/ neurotransmitters) of presynaptic Neuron
Reception region of postsynaptic neuron
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Neurotransmitter release from presynaptic neuron across synaptic cleft to receptor region of postsynaptic cleft ensures that what will happen?
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Unidirectional communication between neurons.
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What kind of channels are on the postsynaptic neuron at the synaptic cleft?
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|
Ligand-gated channels (or chemical-gated channels)
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| |
What 3 possible events happen to the neurotransmitter once the effect is terminated?
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Reuptake (in presynaptic neuron)
Degradation (by enzymes in extracellular fluid)
Diffusion away (from Synaptic Cleft in ECF)
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When neurotransmitter binds to the ligand-gated channel, what happens? (2)
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|
Ion gradient flow (Na+/K+)
Graded Potential (along postsynaptic membrane/cycle repeats)
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| |
How long is Synaptic Delay?
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|
0.3 - 5.0 ms
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| |
a depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of Na+/K+ channels and a graded potential, bringing the membrane closer to an AP threshold.
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|
Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential (EPSP)
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a hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane that results in the opening of K+/Cl- and movement AWAY from the AP threshold
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|
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
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| |
What is responsible for the coupling of excitation and contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?
|
|
Calcium |
| |
A 'Triad' is made up of what?
|
|
2 terminal cisternae and 1 Terminal (T) Tubule
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| |
The Terminal Cisternae of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR) is connected to the T Tubule via what?
|
|
Voltage-gated Calcium Channels (proteins)
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| |
When calcium ions bind to troponin, what happens?
|
|
Troponin changes shape and causes the bound tropomyosin to move off of Actin binding sites.
|
| |
What type of tranport causes Ca+, Na+, and K+ to return to their resting ionic potential?
|
|
Active Transport via ATP driven pumps
|
| |
granules of stored glycogen that provide glucose during periods of muscle cell activity
|
|
glycosomes |
| |
Red pigment in muscles that store oxygen
|
|
myoglobin |
| |
Giant protein elastic filament that attaches to the Z disc and the thick filament that helps the muscle cell spring back after being stretched
|
|
Titin |
| |
The name of the neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft of Neuromuscular Junction for contractions, also CNS, and some ANS neurons?
|
|
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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| |
Enzymatic breakdown of ACh is done by what enzyme?
What is ACh broken down into?
|
|
Acetylcholinesterase
Acetic Acid & Choline
|
| |
One or more presynaptic neurons transmit impulses in rapid-fire order during __________ summation
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|
Temporal |
| |
Postsynaptic neuron is stimulated by a large number of terminals at the same time during ___________ summation.
|
|
Spatial |
| |
Dopamine, NADR (NE)/ADR, Serotonin, and Histamine are types of what and part of this group
|
|
Neurotransmitters
Biological Amines
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| |
GABA and Glutamate are types of what and part of this group.
Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory?
|
|
Neurotransmitters
Amino Acids
GABA - Inhibitory
Glutamate - Excitatory
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| |
Substance P and Endorphins are types of what and part of this group.
Which is excitatory and which is inhibitory?
|
|
Neurotransmitters
Peptides
Substance P - Excitatory
Endorphins - Inhibitory
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| |
Morphine, Heroin, and Methadone mimic what?
|
|
Endorphins |
| |
Coffee, Tea, and Chocolate work by doing what?
|
|
Blocking receptor sites for inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle, Adenosine.
|
| |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in sleep-wake cycle
|
|
Adenosine |
| |
Neurotransmitter, Endocannabinoid, is linked to what drug and it's effects?
|
|
Marijuana, increased appetite, memory loss
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| |
What type processing when one input travels one pathway to a specific destination resulting in the same, predictable response? Example?
|
|
Serial Processing
Reflexes
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| |
What type of processing when one input travels along several pathways producing several responses. Example?
|
|
Parallel Processing
A smell reminds of the odor and an associated experience.
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| |
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an excitatory neurotransmitter except in the _______________
|
|
Heart |
| |
Inhibitory CNS amino acid neurotransmitter is ___________, and excitatory is ____________
|
|
GABA
Glutamate
|
| |
Substance P is blocked by ___________
|
|
Endorphins |
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