Flashcards Table on ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-BLOOD

Blood Characteristics *pH between (1) *Temperature of (2) *Composes about (3) of body weight (approximately (4)) *(5) more viscous than water

1) 7.35 and 7.45 2) 38 degrees C or 100.4 degrees F 3) 8% 4) 6 quarts 5) 5X

Blood Functions *(1) nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones *Helps maintain the stability of the (2) *Distributes (3)

1) Transports 2) interstitial fluid 3) Heat

Composition of Blood Red blood cells About (1) of total blood volume This percentage is called “(2)” White blood cells and Platelets Less than (3) Liquid (plasma) About (4) (5) of water, amino acids, proteins, carbs, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes

1) 45% 2) hematocrit 3) 1% 4) 55% 5) Mixture

pH of blood (1) – condition when blood pH shifts in an acid direction. (2) – condition when blood pH shifts in a basic direction. Both the (3) systems are called into play to get the pH back into the normal range of (4).

1) Acidosis 2) Alkalosis 3) respiratory and renal 4) 7.35 to 7.45

Blood Cell Types (1) blood cells *Erythrocytes *Biconcave discs *This shape helps transport (2) because it increases (3) *Also makes cell membrane closer to (4), the oxygen-carrying molecule in the cell

1) Red 2) Gases 3) surface area 4) hemoglobin

Red Blood Cell Production

“Erythropoiesis” *Initially occurs in (1) *After birth, occurs in spaces of (2) *Average life span is (3) *(4) is the hormone that controls the rate of red blood cell formation through negative feedback *(5) by kidneys and liver in response to prolonged (6)

1) yolk sac, liver, and spleen
2) bones
3) 120 days
4) Erythropoietin
5) Released
6) oxygen deficiency

Dietary Factors that Affect RBC Production

B-complex vitamins Necessary for (1) synthesis Iron Necessary for (2) synthesis

1) DNA
2) hemoglobin

Anemia
Too few(1) or too little (2) This reduces the (3) of the blood which can result in pale skin color and fatigue Many different kinds of (4)

1) red blood cells
2) hemoglobin
3) oxygen-carrying capacity
4) anemia

Anemia

Iron Deficiency Anemia Causes Chronic (1) Dietary (2) Increased (3) requirement Pregnancy, infancy, preadolescents Symptoms Pale(4), fatigue,(5) breath Labs (6) hemoglobin, hematocrit, and RBC count (7) serum iron and increased iron binding capacity

1) blood loss
2) deficiency
3) iron
4) skin
5) shortness of
6) Decreased
7) Decreased

Anemia

Megaloblastic Anemias Defined by large, abnormal appearing (1) in the (2) Caused by (3) deficiency Lab abnormalities (4) red cells, white cells, and platelets Main difference is in clinical symptoms With B12 deficiency may have (5) due to degeneration of the spinal cord; folate deficiency does not have (6)

1) red blood cell precursor cells
2) bone marrow
3) B12 or folate
4) Decreased
5) neurologic symptoms
6) neurologic symptoms

Anemia

Hemolytic anemias Result from increased (1) Either (2) determined or acquired Many different types Sickle cell anemia Caused by a (3) change in DNA that changes the(4)in the RBC Results in hemoglobin (5) in low oxygen environments The mutated blood cells are (6)shaped and can block (7) leading to joint pain and organ damage

1) red cell destruction
2) genetically
3) single base
4) amino acid sequence
5) crystallizing
6) abnormally
7) circulation

RBC Destruction As they age, RBCs become (1) (2) destroy damaged RBCs in the liver and spleen (3) are released and recycled

1) fragile and damaged 2) Macrophages 3) Hemoglobin molecules

Destruction of RBC's

Red blood cells have an average life span of (1)

(2) in the spleen, the liver, and bone marrow phagocytize worn out RBC's to yeild the two compntents of (3), the protien portion(globin), which is (4) into amino acids and heme.
The heme is broken down into "(5)" (a (6) pigment), which is excreted, and iron: the iron is transported by plasma protien called "(7)" back to the bone marrow and reused in the producation of (8).

1) 120 Days
2) Macrophanges
3) hemoglobin
4) hydrolyzed
5) Bilirubin
6) Bile
7) transferrin
8) new hemoglobin

White Blood Cells
Protect against (1) Develop in response to (2) Interleukins Colony-stimulating factors

1) disease
2) hormones

White Blood Cells

Granulocytes

(1) the size of a RBC

(2) Fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple in neutral stain Lobed nucleus with 2-5 sections (3) Course, uniform cytoplasmic granules that appear deep red in acid stain Nucleus has two lobes (4) Similar to eosinophils but with fewer more irregularly shaped cytoplasmic granules Deep blue in basic stain

1) Twice
2) Neutrophils
3) Eosinophils
4) Basophils

White Blood Cells

Agranulocytes

(1) Arise from red bone marrow Largest blood cells Nuclei vary in shape (2) Slightly larger than RBCs Large round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm

1) Monocytes
2) Lymphocytes

Types of lymphocytes

(1) – matures in the thymus gland – do not produce antibodies, but are involved in cell mediated immunity.
(2) – matures in the bone marrow – produce antibodies and are involved in humoral immunity.

1) T lymphocytes
2) B lymphocytes

White Blood Cell Counts

Number of white blood cells in a microliter of human blood Normally (1) An increase above the “normal” value = (2) Generally indicates (3) Greatly elevated levels may indicate (4) A decrease below the “normal” value = (5) May occur with certain (6) like influenza, measles, mumps, chickenpox, AIDS, or polio

1) 4500-10,000 cells
2) leukocytosis
3) acute infection
4) leukemia
5) leukopenia
6) infections

Platelets
Develop from(1) in response to (2) Arise from very large cells called (3) Lack a (4) Helps close breaks in (5) and initiates formation of (6)

1) hemocytoblasts
2) thrombopoietin
3) megakaryocytes
4) nucleus
5) damaged blood vessels
6) blood clots

Blood Plasma

(1) water and contains organic and inorganic (2) Functions Transporting (3) Helping regulate (4) balance Maintaining favorable (5)

1) 92%
2) biochemicals
3) nutrients, gases, vitamins
4) fluid and electrolyte
5) pH

Blood Plasma

Plasma proteins Most (1) of the dissolved substances (2) Smallest, but account for 60% of the plasma proteins Synthesized in the liver Important determinant of osmotic pressure, thus helping regulate water movement between the blood and tissues (3) Make up 36% of plasma proteins Liver synthesizes alpha and beta globulins Important in transport of lipids and fat-soluble vitamins Lymphatic tissues produce gamma globulins Type of antibody (4) Largest; 4% of plasma proteins Functions in blood coagulation Synthesized in the liver

1) abundant
2) Albumins
3) Globulins
4) Fibrinogin

Blood Plasma

(1) Oxygen and carbon dioxide are most important Also contains nitrogen (2) Amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, and lipids (3) Molecules that have nitrogen atoms but aren’t proteins Amino acids, urea, uric acid

1) Gasses
2) Nutrients
3) Non-protein nitrogenous substances

Fact

Blood Plasma
Electrolytes Absorbed from the (1) or released as (2) Include sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate, and sulfate ions (3) are most abundant Bicarbonate is important in maintaining (4)

1) intestine
2) by-products of cellular metabolism
3) Sodium and chloride
4) osmotic pressure and pH of plasma

Hemostasis
The (?) of bleeding Three important steps (1) (2) (3)

?) stoppage

1) Blood vessel spasm
2) Platelet plug formation
3) Blood coagulation

Blood Vessel Spasm
Breaking a smaller blood vessel stimulate contraction of smooth muscles in its walls, called (1) Blood loss (2) almost immediately Lasts (3) Also, as platelets come to the area they release (4), which contracts smooth muscles further

1) Vasospasm
2) lessens
3) Only a few minutes
4) Serotonin

Platelet Plug Formation
Platelets (1) to any rough surface and to collagen in connective tissue Platelets also adhere to each other, forming a (2) in the (3)

1) adhere
2) Plug
3) vascular break

Blood Coagulation
Formation of a (1) Uses many clotting factors Some promote (2) and some inhibit it Normally (3) prevail, but in the setting of injury chemicals that favor coagulation may increase in (4)

1) blood clot
2) coagulation
3) anticoagulants
4) concentration

Blood Coagulation

Major event is conversion of (1) into (2)

First, damaged tissues release(3) which results in production of (4)

This requires (5_

Prothrombin activator acts on (6)

Prothrombin is an (7)produced by the (8) which is converted to (9)

(10) catalyzes a reaction that cuts fibrinogen into (11) which join and form long threads

1) soluble fibrinogen
2) insoluble fibrin
3) tissue thromboplastin
4) prothrombin activator
5) calcium ions, proteins,and phospholipids
6) prothrombin
7) alpha globulin
8) liver
9)thrombin
10) Thrombin
11) pieces of fibrin

Blood Coagulation

Once fibrin threads form, they stick to the exposed surfaces of (1), creating a meshwork that entraps (2)

Result is a (3)

The amount of prothrombin activator that appears in the blood is directly proportional to the (4)

1) damaged blood vessels
2) blood cells and platelets
3) blood clot
4) degree of tissue damage

Dissolving of Blood Clots

Fibroblasts invade(1) and produce (2) that helps strengthen the (3)

Most clots (4) in time

This requires activation of (5)

This protein-splitting enzyme digests (6)

1) blood clots
2) fibrous connective tissue
3) blood vessel
4) disappear
5) plasminogen to plasmin
6) fibrin threads

DISORDERS OF HEMOSTASIS

Blood normally clots within (1)

Undesirable clotting

(2): blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel

Embolus: clot that dislodges and is carried away by blood flow

Bleeding disorders

(4)

(5)

1) 3 to 6 minutes
2) Thrombus
3) Embolus
4) Thrombocytopenia
5) Hemophilia

Thrombocytopenia

Platelet count below (1)

Usually asymptomatic until platelet count reaches below (2)

At this time, petechial cutaneous bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and oozing from mucosal surfaces may be seen

Result of decreased (3), increased (4), unreplaced (5), or (6) of platelets

1) 100,000
2) 20,000
3) production
4) destruction
5) loss
6) dilution

Hemophilia

Caused by deficiencies of (1)

Manifests as bleeding from larger vessels, resulting in (2) , large ecchymoses, and extensive bleeding with trauma

1) clotting factors
2) joint hematomas

Hemophilia A

(1) recessive

Deficiency of factor VIII

Characterized by bleeding into (3), subcutaneous (4), and (5)

Treatment is (6)

1) X-linked
2) VIII
3) Muscles
4) Tissue
5) Joints
6) recombinant factor VIII

Hemophilia B

“(1) disease”

Indistinguishable from (2)

Factor (3) deficiency

Treatment is (4)

1) Christmas
2) hemophilia A
3) IX
4) replacement of factor IX

Blood Groups

Antigens and Antibodies

(1) is the clumping of RBCs after a transfusion reaction

RBCs have surface molecules called (2) which react with antibodies carried in (3)

Only a few antigens can produce (4), including the(5) group and the (6) group

Symptoms of a transfusion reaction might include (7)

1) Agglutination
2) antigens
3) Plasma
4) serious transfusion reactions
5) ABO
6) Rh
7) anxiety, breathing difficulty, facial flushing, headache, and severe neck, chest, and back pain